• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.12 s.159
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• pp.1690-1696
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic data useful in designing apparel patterns for aged abdominal obese women. The body measurements of 318 women were taken at random, whose ages were over 60 and fields of action were colleges, sports centers, or business sites in Seoul and the neighboring districts. A total of 33 features in the upper body and lower body were used fer the anthropometric measurement and analysis using anthropometry. The collected measurement data were processed statistically using the SPSS 12.0 program for technical statistical analysis, t-test, frequency analysis, correlation analysis. The results of the study are as follows. 1. Subjects were classified into two groups as a result of analysis for measurement data. It was revealed that 251(about 79 percent) women of total subjects(n=318) have a characteristic of abdominal obese body type and elderly women of these group usually had big abdomen rather than hip. The criteria of abdominal obesity based on waist-hip ratio, WHR(=0.85). 2. Aged abdominal obese women have shown much larger size in most body measurements except items of some vertical length, such as bust ponit-bust point, font interscye, back interscye with circumference and depth of armscye, bust, waist, abdomen and hip while showing no difference in height, biacrominal breadth, hip width, neck shoulder point to breast point, crotch length. 3. Vervaeck index(=100.1) and Rohrer index(=1.7) indicated that the abdominal obese women were fat in overall body. And aspect ratio of waist(=0.86), abdomen(=0.92) and hip(=0.75) also appeared high that the shape of cross sections in those regions was similar to a figure of circle 4. In view of the correlation coefficient between hip circumference and the rest measurement items, and between hip circumference inclusively of the abdomen protrusion and the rest measurement items, there were found some differences for each group. In case of Group (abdominal obese group), the former is smaller than the other. 5. In case of Abdominal obese women, hip circumference inclusively of the abdomen protrusion is more mutually related to the rest items related to make apparel pattern as waist circumference, depth of armscye and so on than what hip circumference is. This result indicated which must be considered hip circumference inclusively of the abdomen protrusion to make apparel patterns for abdominal obese women unlike women of common body types.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.27 no.3_4
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• pp.407-417
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to develop designs and patterns of a functional brassiere. For this purpose, women who have protruding and drooping breasts with 75B for their brassiere size were sampled. The fitting test for the fitness and function of test brassiere and control brassiere were carried out twice and compared the results from the both in terms of front, rear and side looks. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; 1. The results from measuring the level of sag and spread, and volume and protrusion of breasts shows that there are some distinctive differences in the measurements before and after wearing the test brassiere and the test brassiere is proved to be very effective in correcting breasts' shapes. 2. Front look: Since the two front cutting lines of the test brassiere served to have the curved main part pressing against the breasts, it could support breasts to more than satisfactory level. In addition, upperline panel and side panels of the test brassiere were found to have the upperline of the upper cup pressed against the breasts and at the same time it pressed and gathered the flab around upper part of the breasts and armpits that helped to rearrange the shape of the breasts. It is also proved that the two-pieced test brassier was found to be more functional in supporting the lower cup of the breasts. 3. Rear look: The test brassier was made up of two wide U-shaped wings with 2.5cm tape on its lower sides. Each wing has 4 lines and 3 hems (5.5cm). For this reason, the test brassiere was tighter and better fitted on its back. 4. Side look and entire look: The wings of the test brassiere might look wider than that of the control brassier which has conventional straight-shaped wings, but it was analyzed that the test brassiere held the upper and lower sides of the wings more effectively to be more pressed against the breast. Therefore, the test brassiere scored higher in terms of adjusting to body movements, while the control brassiere looked better in overall terms. 5. The functional brassier fur protruding and drooping breasts developed from the experiments of this study is a full side stretch brassiere which covers the entire breasts satisfactorily. The pattern drafting methods are suggested in to .

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.179-188
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• 1981

The authors made an investigation concerning the geographical distribution and some major differentiations in morphological characteristics associated with the each habitat, of the pond smelt, Hypomesus olidus, which was introduced into Korea more than 50 years ago. Major characteristics utilized for the comparison study were upper jaw (maxillary), number of fin rays, scale structure, vertebral count, number of pyloric caeca, number of gill rakers, and the relative measurements of these and other internal characters. 1. The main areas of natural distribution are Paro Lake, Soyang Lake, Han River, Euirim Lake, and Ogjeong Lake (or Unam Lake) and the tributaries of these waters. 2. Morphological variations varied when the mean values of measurements from each area were compared with the standard measurement value by mosaic comparison, and in some instances a significant variation was found. 3. The most significant variations were found in the number of fin rays of pectoral and anal fins; the lengths from the tip of snout to the origin of pectoral fin, from snout to ventral fin, and from snout to anal fin, relative to standard body length; eye depth relative to head length; upper jaw: the number of pyloric caeca and the scale structure. Variations, on the other hand, by each habitat were not clear in the numbers of ventral and dorsal fin rays, gill rakers, vertebrae and lateral line scale : and the depth of caudal peduncle and distance from the tip of snout to the origin of dorsal fin relative to standard body length. 4. The scales of pond smelt showed some differences in the shape of scales, the shape and position of the focus and the number of ridges according to the scale positions on the body. No radii were present. The relations between longitudinal and transverse diameters of the scale suggest that the pond smelts of Soyang Lake and Un-am Lake are closely related, and those of Han River and Euirim Lake are also closely related. 5. The geographical variations in morphology of the pond smelt seem to have resulted from the variations in turbidity, water temperature, salinity (rather conductivity) and currents. 6. From the results obtained, it may be concluded that such factors as supramaxillary, relation between scale length and its breadth, number of caudal vertebrae and eye depth relative to head length may be used as the key characters for the classification of geographical varieties of Pond smelt.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.597-605
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Childhood obesity has increased in recent decades in Korea. This study was designed to examine differences in the eating habits, physical activity (PA), nutrition knowledge, and self-efficacy of children by obesity status. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Subjects were 5th-grade children from 70 elementary schools in 17 cities nationwide. Two-stage stratified cluster sampling was employed. Survey questionnaire included items related to general characteristics, eating habits, PA, nutrition knowledge and self-efficacy. Excluding incomplete responses, 3,531 data were analyzed using SPSS. Subjects were categorized into overweight obesity (OW) and normal weight (NW) groups based on body mass index percentiles for age by sex. RESULTS: A total of 21.5% of subjects was overweight or obese. There were significant differences in gender, perceived stress, perception of body shape, body satisfaction, and interest in weight control between the OW and NW groups (P < 0.001). With respect to eating habits, the OW group ate breakfast (P < 0.05) and snacks (P < 0.01) less frequently, ate bigger meals (P < 0.001), and demonstrated less desirable behaviors during meals (P < 0.05 in boys) compared to the NW group. The OW group participated in less PA than the NW group, especially boys. OW boys spent less time walking during weekdays (P < 0.05) or the weekend (P < 0.001), spent more time being sedentary during weekdays or the weekend (P < 0.001), and exercised a fewer number of days (P < 0.01). For girls, the OW group spent more time being sedentary during the weekend (P < 0.01) and exercised a fewer number of days by walking or bicycle riding (P < 0.05) than the NW group. Nutrition knowledge was not significantly different between the OW and NW groups. Self-efficacy (P < 0.01 in boys), especially PA self-efficacy (P < 0.01), was significantly lower in the OW than NW group. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed differences in eating habits, PA, and self-efficacy between OW and NW children. Obesity management programs for children need to focus on increasing self-efficacy, modifying eating habits, and increasing PA.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.1-21
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• 1969

The Sin po fluorite deposit is of a fissure vein type which strikes $N75^{\circ}E$, dips $80^{\circ}SE$, and is embedded in the pre-Cambrian crystalline schist. The vein is 1 meter in average in thickness, about 800 meters in length and nearly 400 meters in depth. Narrow veins of crustified fluorites and agatic quartz are discontinuously embedded in the quartz gangue. Two-phase fluid inclusions, which are available for the homogenization method by using the Heating Stage Microscope 350, are found in the fluorite crystals. Most of the fluid inclusions are primary in origin and mainly composed of liquid phase associated with minor gas phase. They are tetrahedral, rounded-tubular, wedge shaped, rectangulartrapezoid, and irregular in shape. The maximum diameter of inclusions is 0.5mm and the minimum, 0.03mm, ranging from 0.2mm to 0.08mm in an average. The homogenization temperatures obtained from the test are $135-147^{\circ}C$, $125-138^{\circ}C$, $121-137^{\circ}C$, $116-133^{\circ}C$ and $106-128^{\circ}C$ in greenish, bluish, violet, light grayish blue, colorless and pinkish fluorites respectively. The range of formation temperatures of fluorites is $106-147^{\circ}C$. Therefore, the fluorite deposit of Sinpo Mine is considered to be of low temperature hydrothermal origin. The isothermal lines were drawn on the longitudinal section of the vein from the data of homogenization test. According to the results, the central and lower parts of the ore shoot in the west ore body show the higher temperatures of $130-138^{\circ}C$ and the peripheral and upper parts of it show the lower temperatures of $108-128^{\circ}C$. It seems that the isothermal trend roughly coinside with the pitch of the ore shoot.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.169-183
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• 2004

This study attempts to understand women's underwear culture in the Later Chosun Dynasty, by investigating the kinds and constructions of them, which formed bulky and puffed silhouette of the lower half of the body. In the middle 17th century in Chosun, Confucianism settled down as fundamental idea of society, while whole country achieved considerable economic growth. As a result for upperclass women, female virtues was demanded more than any other period in Chosun. On the other hand, lower-class women including Kisaengs, had more freedom on their clothing behaviors. According to the literature on women's dress institutions and restrictions of the extravagance, the use of kinds of high-quality silk and false hair was criticized, compared to women's clothes in China. From this, one can see the luxury and affluence of women's clothes at that time, which also reflected in luxurious underclothes. Also, the movement of class, by economic development, led to changes in the costumes of middle-to-lower class women, relaxing restrictions on clothes. Underclothes included Bosomband(가슴띠; long sashes for bosom to wrap), Sokjucksam(속적삼), and Sokchogori(속저고리; Korean blouse, worn under the chogori) for upper garment, and Darisokkok(다리속곳; basic underwear like the panty), Soksokkot(속속곳; underwear paji to be wide of hem), Sokpaji(속바지;trouser front and back opening), Tansokkok(단속곳; large size underwear like Soksokkot), Noronpaji(너른바지; paji like the skirt or paji bulky than tansokkot,), Mujigi무지기; tiered skirt for underwear), and Daeshumchi'ma(대슘치마; Korean underskirt, shape hem as a pad into form) for lower clothes.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.480-487
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• 2019

This study used 3D technology to develop a multi-functional sports brassiere with increased comfort and fit that can be worn as a base layer during exercise or as underwear. A 75A size industrial lingerie figure was used to develop a standard pattern. 3D tools for scanning and pattern making, such as Vivid 910, Geomagic Design X, 2C-AN and Yuka CAD were used. The sports brassiere was designed as a tank top style with dual structure and linings attached to a pad utilized with a sport brassiere mold cup. 3D outer and lining's pattern was differently developed in consideration of the body's curvature with pad's shape and structure. Shoulder and neck part reduction rates were adjusted to increase the neck areas fit that considered the nude pattern's structure due to uncomfortableness felt by wearers who were uncomfortable with the neck areas fit on existing brand products. The reduction rate was also set differently on each part. For example, the reduction rate on outer side panel was set strongly to increase the breast's volume. Two products, developed by a 3D sports brassiere and previously released product, were worn on 8 subjects in their 20's to evaluate fit, comfort, and purchase preferences. The evaluation proved that newly developed 3D products were superior to comparative products. The results of the clothing pressure measurement indicate that the newly developed sports brassiere's front part had less pressure on upper bust and shoulder areas compared to comparative products as well as showed less pressure on the back side, which shows improved wearing comfort compared to comparative products.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.99-104
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the biomass of cyanobacteria and the concentration of 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) in the lower Gongji stream. The investigation was done using a field study that was conducted from 2015 to 2017. The 2-MIB concentration in the lower Gongji stream ranged from 0 to 153 ng/L, while the upper stream had 0 2-MIB concentration. 3 genera (Oscillatoria, Phormidium, Pseudanabaena) of cyanobacteria were detected in the lower Gongji stream with 2-MIB concentration. Among these 3 genera, an increase in Phormidium, Pseudanabaena biomass was associated with an increase in 2-MIB concentration. Accordingly, Phormidium, Pseudanabaena were regarded as the biological source of 2-MIB in that area. In October 2017, although planktonic cyanobacteria occurred less frequently, many benthic cyanobacteria mats were observed on the surface of the water body. Therefore, the high 2-MIB concentration, which exceeded 110 ng/L, can likely be attributed to the benthic cyanobacteria. In a laboratory experiment, individual Oscillatoria filaments were aggregated to form a colony with a higher density. This colony tended to float on the water surface. Cyanobacteria mats after floating aggregated mats were distributed in a net shape on the bottom.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.839-852
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• 2023

This study examined personal protective clothing, specifically the D (M, L, XL) and C (L, XL, 2XL) levels with high sales rates. The goal was to collect essential data for developing Korean personal protective clothing. There were eight and twelve patterns for the D-level and C-level, respectively. While the pattern dimensions were similar, the chest and waist circumferences (relaxed) were larger in the C-level, and the waist (extended), hip, upper arm circumference, and total lengths were larger in the D-level. The D-level wear sensation worked well for average-sized Koreans in their twenties, but the C-level caused discomfort in multiple areas, such as the face, arms, armpits, hips, crotch, thighs, and knee during movement. Consequently, this region required pattern adjustments and resetting for improved comfort. The grading rules were 10 cm in the chest, waist, and hip circumference, regardless of the level, with slight differences in other parts depending on the levels. Thus, manufacturers should establish new grading rules to suit the Korean body shape.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.518-527
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• 2019

This investion studies the manufacturing techniques of chimi(ridge-end roof tiles based on the) fragments excavated from the Wonju Beopcheonsa temple site(Historic site No. 466) and aids in the conservation of the fragments. The results of the investigation are categorized into the production of the body parts, the wing and the feather attachment, the production of the decorative parts, the scratches in the upper and lower part, the perforations connecting the upper and lower parts, and the formative features(bending phenomenon). The procedures in the conservation treatment of the chimi was performed in a sequential order beginning with a preliminary examination, followed by the removal of foreign substances, coating, joining and restoration, and color retouching. A three-dimensional scanning data was employed to restore the missing parts after adhesion to determine the location, size, and angle of the original shape. The restored chimi measures 118 cm in height and weighs 121 kg, which makes it the fifth largest in size among any chimi(including restored) in Korea. We expect that the pointed feathers will make the chimi from the Beopcheonsa temple site a rare reference as no specimens with these features have been found in Korea until now.