• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.365-372
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• 2001

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various kinds of composts on the change of soil physical properties and microorganism in upland soils. Field experiments were conducted in the loam and sandy loam soils, while the clay loam and sandy loam soils were used for laboratory experiments. Various kinds of composts such as poultry manure compost(PMC). cow manure compost(CMC). human excrement sludge(HES), and food industrial sludge compost(FISE) were applied annually at rates of 0, 40, and $80Mg\;ha^{-1}$ to soils grown with soybean and maize plants for 4 years during 1994 to 1997. The results of this study were as follows : Bulk density of loam soil decreased with compost application to $1.07{\sim}1.32Mg\;m^{-3}$ compared with $1.49Mg\;m^{-3}$ of control plot, while in sandy loam soil it decreased to $1.00{\sim}1.20Mg\;m^{-3}$ compared with $1.25Mg\;m^{-3}$ of control plot. Bulk density of soil was decreased according to maize cultivation compared with bare control, but soybean cultivation was similar. Population of organic material decomposing microorganisms was increased rapidly at the initial incubation stage at $25^{\circ}C$, and increased more sensitively at the loam soil than sandy loam soil. In the case of the change of microorganisms associated with nitrogen circulation, ammonia oxidizing bacteria was more at the initial incubation stage, and denitrifying bacteria was more at the initial incubation stage, and denitrifying bacteria increased until 1~4 weeks after incubation and increased more at the loam soil than sandy loam soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.303-307
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• 2013

Research reports on soil during the years from 1906 to 2012 have been analyzed to understand the role and pattern of soil research in agriculture. The number of research reports in relation with the key word of soils were 2,211 cases and classified in accordance with the criteria of research area, research subject, and research place of report papers. During the 40 years from 1906 to 1946, research work on soil chemistry was reached 62%, highest in the research area. In the case of research subject, research reports on soil fertility and soil nutrients was highest as 42.2%, and the next subject on soil salt and desalinization was about 19.5%. Research places were in the order of paddy as 34.1%, upland as 23.7%, and reclaimed soil as 22.5%. From 1953 to 2012 during 60 years, in the research area report papers were mainly concentrated on chemistry area as 32% and the next was physics as 26%, and environment as 12%. In the case of research subject during the same period, nutrient management report was reached 21.1%, and soil improvement on chemical and physical properties for optimum crop growth was 11.9%. Soil survey and data base establishment report was 8.6%. Research place were in the order of upland as 34.9%, paddy as 25.7%, and vinyl house as 12.5%, which showed reversed pattern compared to that of before 40 years.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.239-247
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• 2022

The physico-chemical properties of agricultural soil are factors that affect crop productivity and soil fertility. In Korea, agricultural environment change surveys have been conducted every four years since 1999. The purpose of this study is to investigate the status and changes in the physico-chemical properties of agricultural soil in Chungcheongnam-do. Samples were collected from the exact location of the aforementioned environment survey, and environmental variables (land use, type of crop cultivated) were investigated in relation to the samples. Soil collection was conducted using a core sampler and a single gouge auger. The bulk density of the soil generally increased up to a depth of sampling of 40 cm but decreased thereafter to a depth of 60 cm. Additionally, the bulk density was highest in the upland soil case and stood at 1.59 g·cm^-3, while the lowest value of 1.52 g·cm^-3 was obtained from orchard soil samples. Conversely, the porosity and moisture gradually decreased at soil depths of 0 - 40 cm and increased at depths of 40 - 60 cm. Most of the soil chemical properties generally decreased with an increase the soil depth from 0 to 70 cm, but electrical conductivity (EC) increased up to a depth of 40 cm. Therefore, it is judged that it is necessary to lower the bulk density by supplying organic matter for agricultural land in Chungcheongnam-do.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.406-415
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• 2002

Heavy metal concentrations (Cu(II), Zn(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II)) at field and upland soils were investigated with two extraction methods, 0.1mole L$^{-1}$ HCI extraction and HNO$_3$-HCIO$_4$ digestion, in order to estimate soil pollution and to understand their distribution and accumulation characteristics. Through an application of 0.1mole L$^{-1}$ HCI extraction method, the surface horizons of field soils were found to have higher concentrations of heavy metals (except Pb(II)) than those of upland soil. It was also seen that Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) were enriched in surface horizon of field soils, whereas upland soils did not show much difference across depth. When the method of HNO$_3$-HCIO$_4$ digestion was used, upland soils showed higher concentrations than those of other soils, and the distribution of heavy metals did not show much difference between horizons of all soils. From these results, it was recognized that, although total natural contents of heavy metals were the largest in upland soil, surface horizons of field soils became gradually polluted with heavy metals. Especially, Cd(II) is considered as a potential metallic pollutant in field soils because of its weak adsorption strength. Concentrations of heavy metals also seemed to be influenced by their adsorption characteristics. When we computed 0.1HCl$_{ext}$HNCL$_{dig}$ ratios to estimate the adsorption strengths of soil heavy metals, their adsorption strengths decreased on the order of Cu(II) > Zn(II)> Pb(II) > Cd(II). The distribution characteristics of heavy metals in field soil, especially Cd(II),are required more detail study because of its importance of land use and complicated mobilization characteristic.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1237-1241
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• 2012

Heavy metal pollution in agricultural field has been a critical issue in worldwide. For this reason, remediation technologies for heavy metal polluted soil are applied especially near at the abandoned metal mine. Soil quality analysis is also an important factor for proper management in heavy metal polluted agricultural field. In this study, scoring function was utilized to evaluate soil quality in heavy metal polluted agricultural field. Among other soil properties, bulk density, soil pH, EC, $NH_4$-N, $NO_3$-N, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were determined for minimum data set (MDS) with principal component analysis. Result showed that both upland and paddy soil contaminated with heavy metal were not suitable for crop growth except scoring of soil pH for paddy soil and CEC for upland soil. This result might indicate that chemical stabilization technology with chemical amendment could be adapted for remediation method for heavy metal polluted agiclutural field not only for heavy metal immobilization but also enhancement of soil condition for crop growth.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.64 no.2
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• pp.37-45
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• 2022

In-situ pilot experiment was carried out to establish a countermeasure on the soil loss from the hill side uplands that was rehabilitated by soil remediation method nearby abandoned mine sites for 2 years. It was considered that the affect of an inclination of cover surface, a stabilization treatment of cover layer by lime and steel refining slag (SRS) and a vegetation of soil surface as an effect factors in the experiment. It was constructed 4 lysimeters (plots, 22 m long, 4 m width) on the hilly side (37% inclination). One plot was control and two plots was treated by 1% lime and SRS. A remind one plot was modified a inclination to 27% to compare the affect of inclination on the amount of cover soil loss. It was attached a reservior tank and water level gauge in the end of lysimeters to measure the amount of the surface water flow and soil loss. It was also installed the automated sensors that could be collect the precipitation, soil moisture content, tension of cover layer in each plots. It was observed that the event of precipitation were caused the soil loss and it were related the physical and chemical properties of cover soil and inclination of surface layer of plots. During the experiment, it was exceeded the national regulation (50 t/ha/yr) in 37% inclination plots even though it was vegetated on the cover soil surface. However, in 27% inclination plot, it was shown that the amount of soil loss was maintained below the national regulation and, more ever, vegetation could reduce the the amount of soil loss. Therefore it was expected that such results could be applied to the future design of rehabilitation projects on the polluted farmland nearby abandoned mine sites.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.98-102
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• 2009

Various physical properties of soils were investigated in the areas where organic farming had been practiced widely, for upland fields. The investigations were also conducted in the nearby fields under conventional to find out the influence of organic farming on the physical properties of soils. The investigated properties involved bulk density, hardness, shearing resistance, friction resistance, sinking depth of small rectangular board, water stable aggregates and the depth of soil available to plants. By and large, the practice of organic farming tended to improve all of the physical properties soils, investigated in upland soils. However, in case of water stable soil aggregates in upland soils, the reverse was previous data; in those soils water stable soil aggregates were less under organic farming. It was suspected that this might be due to intensive application of the organic materials with high C/N ratio like wood chips and wood bark. The contents of OM, Av. P2O5, and Ex. cations were higher in organic farming than those of nearby fields under conventional, due to heavy organic matter application. From the results, It could be concluded that soils under organic farming were looser and softer than those under conventional as shown by lower bulk density and hardness, but that the effect of organic farming on water stable aggregates were low.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.466-474
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• 2023

In recent years, the government has strongly promoted multi-purpose utilization of paddy field. However, poor drainage causes waterlogging stress in upland crops, requiring subsurface drainage technology, resulting in high installation and management costs. To address this issue, a low-cost and high-efficiency technique was developed that utilizes wasted coir substrates which have characteristics of high porosity and good drainage, for upland crop cultivation in paddy fields. Soybeans were grown in both paddy soil and wasted coir slab with two planting densities (80×20 cm and 60×20 cm). The results showed that the coir substrates had better performance than the paddy soil in terms of soil physical and chemical properties and the growth and yield of upland crops are improved. The treatments using wasted coir substrate showed a 41.4% increase in yield and a 21.3% increase in protein content compared to PS treatment. Our findings demonstrate that recycling waste coir substrates to grow upland crops is a positive cultivation strategy to solve some drainage problems in paddy fields. This approach offers a sustainable solution for upland crop production while also addressing the issue of waste management in agriculture.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.262-270
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: Coal combustion bottom ash(BA) has high carbon and calcium content, and alkaline pH, which might improve nutrient cycling in soil related to microbial enzyme activities as it is used as soil amendment. However, it contains heavy metals such as copper(Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc(Zn), which could cause heavy metals accumulation in soil. Compost might play a role that stabilize BA. The objective of this study was to evaluate effect of combined application of BA and compost as soil amendment on heavy metals concentration, enzyme activities, chemical properties, and crop yield in upland soil. METHODS AND RESULTS: BA was applied at the rate of 0, 20, 40, and 80 Mg/ha under different rate of compost application (0 and 30 Mg/ha) in radish (Raphanus sativus var) field. Combined application of BA and compost more improved chemical properties such as pH, EC, OM, total nitrogen, available phosphate, and exchangeable cations of soil than single application of BA. Water soluble Mn and Zn concentration in soil significantly decreased with increasing application rate of BA. Decrease in those metals concentration was accelerated with combined application of BA and compost. Urease and dehydrogenase activities significantly increased with increasing application rate of BA. Phosphotase activities were not affected with single application of BA but increased with combined application of BA and compost. Radish yield was not affected by application rate of BA. CONCLUSION: From the above results, combined application of BA and compost could be used as soil amendment to improve chemical properties and enzyme activities of soil without increase in heavy metal concentration and decrease in crop yield in upland soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.872-877
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• 2011

Cultivation of Korea ginseng in newly reclaimed and paddy-converted fields has been increasing, and evaluation of organic amendment effectiveness is needed in the two soil types. Soil organisms influence organic matter decomposition, and their responses to applications of organic matter were studied. De-oiled cake and compost were applied at $20Mg\;ha^{-1}$ and $40Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in both soil types. Changes in microflora were assessed by analyzing phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA). The abundance of nematodes and microarthropods was measured. Microbial PLFA indicators for microorganisms and microarthropod abundance were greater in reclaimed upland than in paddy-converted soil. There were few differences in the microflora and fauna of reclaimed uplands, regardless of treatment. In paddy-converted soil, the abundance of Oribatida was increased by the application of compost at $20Mg\;ha^{-1}$ and was correlated with PLFA indicators of fungi. The results suggested a minimal influence of organic amendments in reclaimed upland, because the organic matter content and abundance of soil organisms are low in mineral soils. In paddy-converted soil, the effects of organic amendment differ among different soil organisms, and soil properties are important mediators of the effect.