• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 1994

Some seeds of the Rutaceae family, Zanthoxylum piperitum, Z. schinifolium officinalis, Poncirus trifoliata, Citrus unshin, were investigated to clarify their antioxidative components. Finely powdered samples were extracted by hexane, followed by dichioromethane and then 70% methanol in a hot bath. Its unsaponifiables containing X-and Y-tocopherol with trace amount of ${\beta}-and$\;{\delta}-tocopherol$. also showed comparatively weak activity, although the hexane fraction itself had no significant antioxidative effect on lard. Levels of total tocopherols in the samples averages 42. 24-154. 11 mg/lOOg total extractives. The dichloromethane-and 70% methanol extractives showed strong antioxidative activity, from which antioxidative substances were purified with benzene-acetone(6:5, V/V) on a silica gel column, and with a solvent mixture of acetonitrile-methanol-$H_2O$(40:40:20, V/V/V) on a Sep-Pak $C_{18}$ hydrolyzed by 5% KOH-ethanol. The recovered unsaponifiables were, then, separated on a column of high performance liquid chromatography. The unsaponifiables produced by hydrolysis of the isolates from dichloromethane extractives has epi-catechin(40.0-57.1%) and (+)-catechin<$l9.1{\sim}24.4%$ to total phenolic substances, on area base) as major component, accompanied by chlorogenic acid, gallic acid(?), trans-p-coumaric acid and tralls-p-ferulic acid including some unknown components, and those derived from 70% methanol extractives also comprise (+)-catechin($31.3{\sim}39.6%$ to total components, on area base), epi-catechin($2O.2{\sim}36.4%$), trans-p-cournaric acid(8.4-15.3%) and trans-p-ferulic acid($7.7{\sim}14.1%$) as predominant component with some minor coponents, but the fraction supposed to be gallic acid(?) is not present. The antioxidative activities of the phenolic components isolated in this work were in order of epi-catechin>catechin>chlorogenic acid>trans-p-ferluic acid>trans-p-coumaric acid.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.860-868
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• 1997

The effects of oil unsaponifiables (8 species) and methanolic plant extracts (53 species) on the thermal oxidation of oils during 14 or 16 hour heating at $180^{\circ}C$ were studied by analyzing the fatty acid composition of soybean oil or cottonseed oil. All the unsaponifiables tested did not show any antioxidative activities on the thermal oxidation of soybean oil. However, among the 53 species of methanolic plant extracts, some species (Rheum undulatum L., Chelidonium majus L. var. asiaticum and Eugennia caryopyllata T.) showed very strong antioxidative activities on the thermal oxidation of cottonseed oil. The antioxidative activities of methanolic extracts of these 3 species on thermal oxidation of cottonseed oil during an extended heating period were also studied by heating cottonseed oils for 7 hours a day for 8 days at $180^{\circ}C$. The methanolic extracts of Chelidonium majus L. v. asiaticum and Eugennia caryopyllata T. greatly reduced both polymer formation and linoleic acid decomposition after the 8 day heating at $180^{\circ}C$. However, the methanolic extracts of Rheum undulatum L. was effective for the reduction of polymer formation, but not for the reduction of linoleic acid decomposition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.118-122
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• 1987

In order to find the effect of the storage time on the characteristics and sterol composition of the sesame seed, the characteristics, unsaponifiable matters, fractionation pattern of sterol and sterol compositions of 4-desmethylsterol on the sesame seed oil were analysed at the harvest time and after 56 months storage. The sample seed was kept in cotton bag within the natural dark store room. The oil content was decreased from 50.3g per 100g sesame seed at harvest time to 45.5g at 56 months stored. The acid value was increased sharply from 1.8 to 13.4 during the storage of sesame seed and iodine value was increased small, but saponification value and refractive index were hardly changed. The amount of unsaponifiables from 24.3mg to 20.9mg per gram on basis during storage time, and the 4,4-dimethylsterol and 4-monomethylsterol from unsaponifiables were decreased, otherwise, 4-desmethylsterol was increased. In the changes of sterol composition in the 4-desmethylsterol fraction from unsaponifiables, the compesterol and stigmasterol content were not nearly changed, otherwise, the sitosterol content was decreased from 51.0% to 48.2%, but the content of ${\Delta}^5-avenasterol$ was increased from 15.2 % to 18.4% during the storage of sesame seed within 56 months.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.170-171
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• 1999

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 1979.10a
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• pp.244.1-244
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• 1979

An attempt was made to produce by using Rh. gracilis (NRRL Y-1091) in the same wav as currently considered siglecell protein production. The lipid content of Rh. gracilis were 56.9％ of dry weight. Economic coefficient (E. C.) and fat coefficient (F. C.) were 31.3 and 17.8, respectivelv. The lipid and fats extracted from Rh. gracilis were characterized as following: Specific gravity 0.875, A.V. 42.5, S.V. 220, I.V. 57.7, Phospholipid 1.58, Unsaponifiables 25.5, Volatile matter 18.7. Fatty acid composition of the lipids were analvzed by HPLC. In addition to the lipid analvsis, proteins were extracted from defatted Rh. gracilis and their amino acid compositions were examined by amino acid analyzer.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.193-203
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• 1977

Three sterol fractions; 4-desmethyl-, 4-monomethyl-, and 4,4-dimethylsterol, separated by thin layer chromatography from the unsaponifiables of five Cucurbitaceae (cucumber, watermelon, sponge cucumber, gourd and snake gourd) seed oils were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography and combined gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. ${\alpha}$-Spinasterol, ${\Delta}^{7,22,25}$-stigmastatrienol and ${\Delta}^{7,25}$-stigmastadienol isolated from the 4-desmethylsterol fraction were identified by IR, NMR and mass spectrometry.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.63 no.2
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• pp.131-139
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• 2018

Unsaponifiables in the kernel and the cob of 7 maize varieties were analyzed by using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography (GC) for the identification of phytosterols and their concentrations. The unsaponifiables of the kernel were clearly separated into band I (campesterol, stigmasterol, and ${\beta}$-sitosterol), band II (${\Delta}^5$-avenasterol), band III (${\Delta}^7$- stigmastenol), and band IV (${\Delta}^7$-avenasterol). In the cob, on the other hand, three or more bands were separated in addition to bands. The GC analysis of unsaponifiables showed good separation of campesterol, stigmasterol and ${\beta}$-sitosterol, but the mixture of ${\Delta}^7$-avenasterol (retention time[RT] 22.846), ${\Delta}^7$-stigmastenol (RT 22.852), and ${\Delta}^5$-avenasterol (RT 22.862) showed poor separation. Phytosterol content of the maize kernel was 635.9 mg/100 g, and that of the cob was 273.0 mg/100 g, respectively. The phytosterol content of the kernel was 2.4-fold higher than that of the cob. The phytosterol content of the kernel was higher in the order ${\beta}$sitosterol 80.05% > campesterol 10.5% > stigmasterol 9.46%, but that of the cob was higher in the order ${\beta}$-sitosterol 59.43% > stigmasterol 31.72% > campesterol 10.98%. Based on these results, it appears that the phytosterols of the maize kernel are synthesized in the maize cob and are transferred to the kernel, because the precursors (${\Delta}^7$-avenasterol, ${\Delta}^7$-stigmastenol, and ${\Delta}^5$-avenasterol) of major phytosterols were detected in maize cobs.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.47-55
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• 1987

This study was designed to elucidate the lipid contents, neutral lipids components and fatty acid composition in fresh shellfishes, produced in Korea. Four kinds of shellfishes including sea mussel, short-necked clam, corb shell and and ark shell were selected according to the higher sales order and cheaper retail price at fish markets in Seoul in July 1985. The results abtained were as follows; 1. The average total lipid contents in four shellfishes were 2.3% by wet weight basis. The ratios of neutrial lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid in the total lipid were 51.1 : 4.9 : 44.0 in sea mussel, 66.0 : 3.2 : 30.8 in ark shell, 37.8 : 2.2 : 60.0 in short-necked clam and 54.5 : 2.0 : 53.5 in corb shell, 2. The average value of acid value, iodine value and unsaponifiables contents of total lipids were 1.3, 217.8, 92.0 and 20.3%, respectively. 3. The composition of the neutral lipids were triglycerides, esterified fatty acids, sterylesters, free sterols and monoglycerides in four shellfishes. 4. The major fatty acid composition of total lipids were palmitic, eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic and palmitoleic acids in four shellfishes. The average total unsaturated fatty acids of total lipid were 64.5%, and $\omega$-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids were 27.0%. The average p/s Ratiio were 1.3.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47
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• pp.140-149
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• 2002

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is probably the most ancient oilseed crop known in the world. Sesame seed is known for its high nutritional value and for having oil (51%) and protein (20%) content. The fatty acid composition of sesame oil is palmitic acid (7.8%), stearic acid (3.6%), oleic acid (45.3%), and linoleic acid (37.7%). Sesame oil is characterized by a very high oxidative stability compared with other vegetable oils. Two lignan-type compounds, sesamin and sesamolin, are the major constituents of sesame oil unsaponifiables. Sesamol (a sesamolin derivative) can be present in sesame seeds and oils in very small amount. Other lignans and sesamol are also present in sesame seeds and oils in very small amount as aglycones. Lipid oxidation activity was significantly lower in the sesamolin-fed rats, which suggests that sesamolin and its metabolites contribute to the antioxidative properties of sesame seeds and oil and support that sesame lignans reduce susceptibility to oxidative stress. Sesaminols strongly inhibit lipid peroxidation related to their ability to scavenge free radical. The sesame seed lignan act synergistically with vitamin I in rats fed a low $\alpha$-tocopherol diet and cause a marked increase in a u-tocopherol concentration in the blood and tissue of rats fed an $\alpha$-tocopherol containing diet with sesame seed or its lignan. The authors are reviewed and discussed for present status and prospects of quality evaluation and researched in sesame seeds to provide and refers the condensed informations on their quality.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 1991

Dried seeds of Camellia japonica and Thea sinensis were investigated to determine the nature of their antioxidative activity. Activity was measured by the induction period in the coupled oxidation of a substrate lard and extracts or isolates to be tested. 70% methanol and dichloromethane extracts were found to be antioxidative abilities. Their unsaponifiables revealed weak antioxidative activity, although hexane extracts did not show antioxidative effect on lard. Column chromatography for dlchloromethane extracts gave 4 fractions(only 2 fractions were potent). HPLC was used in isolating potent antioxidative components from the column fractions and the precolumn-passed methanol extracts. They were separated into 7 and 8 components, respectively. The column fractions obtained from both seeds comprised trans-p-coumaric acid. trans-p-ferulic acid and an unknown component with minor components such as chlorogenic acid and catechin. On the other hand, the most prominent components in the methanol extracts were an unidentified component. trans-pcoumaric acid, trans-p-ferulic acid, catechin and chlorogenic acid. The unknown compound isolated from the column fractions and methanol extracts was identified as epicatechin by $^1H-and\;^{13}C-NMR$. The antioxidative activities of these components were epicatechin > catechin > chlorogenic acid > trans-p-ferulic acid > trans-p-coumaric acid.