• 임상간호연구
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.165-178
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• 2021

Purpose: To analyze nurses' shift work according to the government guidelines for night work and their perceptions of their work schedules. Methods: The study sample included 487 nurses who provided information on their schedules, including the normal working hours of each shift, and overtime per shift during September 2020. Nurses' perceptions were measured in terms of satisfaction, appropriateness for work-life balance, and fairness to their work schedule. Results: One-third of the respondents worked more than 40 hours per week. The average overtime hour was 1.14 hours per shift. Unsocial hours (8 pm to 6 am on weekdays, midnight to midnight on weekends and public holidays) accounted for 56.4% of all working hours. During their last night shift, on average, nurses worked 9.62 hours and had a break of 39 minutes, although 20.5% reported no break. Sixty-eight percent of nurses had at least one between-shift break shorter than 48 hours after a consecutive night shifts. Fifty-seven percent were satisfied with their schedule. One-third perceived their schedule as appropriate for work-life balance, and two-thirds perceived that days off on weekends and nights were fairly distributed within the unit. Working and overtime hours had an inverse relationship with all three aspects of nurses' perceptions. A higher proportion of unsocial hours and having no breaks during the night shift were associated with lower perceptions of fairness. Conclusion: Reducing working hours, ensuring breaks during night shifts, and increasing rewards for unsocial hours are required to improve nurses' perceptions and reduce turnover due to shift work.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.18-26
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• 2022

Purpose: This study investigated whether parenting stress, work-family conflict, resilience affect retention intent in Korean nurses returning to work after parental leave. Methods: The participants in this study were 111 nurses recruited from 10 hospitals in Korea, who were working after formal parental leave from their hospitals. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the t-test, analysis of variance, the Mann-Whitney U-test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and hierarchical regression. Results: Retention intention (33.80±7.78), parenting stress (101.70±17.57), and resilience (85.02±12.75) were at greater than moderate levels and a midpoint level of work-family conflict (29.63±7.00) was noted in this sample of mostly women nurses in their 30s. The factors affecting retention intent were parental leave duration, the number of times that participants had taken parental leave, health condition, work-family conflict, and resilience. The total explanatory power of these variables was 36.7%. Retention intent had a negative correlation with parenting stress and work-family conflict. Conversely, retention intent was positively correlated with resilience. Conclusion: This study supports the need for flexible adjustment of returning nurses' working hours and family-friendly policies to promote balance between work and family. It is also necessary to develop and apply measures that boost resilience and support health improvement for nurses returning to work.As nurses are often assigned to new areas of work upon return, training programs to aid their adjustment may also be helpful.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제31권4D호
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• pp.595-601
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• 2011

고속철도 기본계획단계에서 노반공사의 토공사 공사비 추정은 단위길이당 공사비(원/km)를 활용하고 있다. 이 단가는 과거자료를 기준으로 한 산술평균으로 오차가 클 수 있으며, 기본설계 단계 등 다음단계의 견적과 연계성이 부족한 단점이 있다. 본 연구는 철도연장에 토공사의 기술적 특성인 지질조건을 추가하는 매개변수 기반 개략공사비 산정모델을 제시한다. 데이터분석은 회귀분석법을 적용하였으며, 독립변수는 길이, 지질(토사, 풍화암, 연암, 경암) 구성 비율이고, 36개 공구 실적공사비를 참조하였다. 개발된 모델은 실적공사비와 비교한 결과 -0.4% ~ +31% 범위로 나타나, 전형적 범위인 -30% ~ +50% 이내이므로 유효한 것으로 판정한다. 본 모델은 공사비 영향의 주요요인인 길이에 기술적 특성인 지질요건을 추가함으로써 공사비 산정결과의 신뢰도 향상을 꾀함으로써 단계별 효과적 총사업비관리, 재정지출 감소 및 사업의 경제성 확보에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 농촌지도와개발
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.23-39
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to explore a paradigm for the development agricultural cooperative unit in Korea. To fulfill the purpose of the study, both a review of literature and case studies was used. The agricultural cooperative units selected for the survey were Doduram Swine, Songtan Cooperative Organization, Okyung Cooperative Farms, and Harim Poultry Company. To identify major factors and limitations associated with effective management of agricultural cooperative units, selected cooperative units for production, processing and marking were surveyed and analyzed. This study identified four major factors to be included in a development paradigm of effective agricultural cooperative units which were: 1) active participation of farmers, 2) techniques end attitude of participants, 3) horizontal integration of a high technology enterprise with agricultural production, and 4) increasing cooperative work on production and marking within the unit. Based on the results of the study, the following recommendations were made for further improvement and development of agricultural cooperative units : First, farmers should be encouraged and motivated to participate actively in agricultural cooperative units. Second, participants of the agricultural cooperative units should be equipped with both technical knowledge and skills on agricultural production, processing and marking. Third, a national net-work system should be established for the agricultural cooperative units throughout the country. Fourth, agricultural cooperative units should be expanded to various agricultural sectors covering wider area. Finally, agricultural cooperative units should be supported by farmers, agricultural organizations and the government for more effective management and further development.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2018

The aims of this work were to characterize and determine bioactivities of crude exopolysaccharide (EPS) extract from Bacillus tequilensis PS21 isolated from milk kefir from Kampaeng Petch, Thailand. B. tequilensis PS21 produced 112.1 mg dried EPS/l from initial 80 g/l lactose in modified TSB media at 52 h, with EPS product yield of 8.9 mg EPS/g lactose and specific product yield of 0.3 mg EPS/mg biomass. The FTIR result confirmed EPS to be a protein-bound polysaccharide and SEM analysis showed the morphology to be a grainy appearance with an uneven surface, covered with pores. HPLC analysis determined EPS as a heteropolysaccharide consisting of five sugar units with the following molar ratios; xylose (17.65), glucose (2.54), ribose (1.83), rhamnose (1.23), and galactose (1). Chemical components of this EPS were predominantly carbohydrate at 697.8 mg/g EPS (65%), protein 361.4 mg/g EPS (34%), and nucleic acid 12.5 mg/g EPS (1%). The EPS demonstrated antioxidant activities at 57.5% DPPH scavenging activity, $37.2{\mu}M\;Fe(II)/mg$ EPS and $34.9{\mu}M\;TEAC\;{\mu}M/mg$ EPS using DPPH, FRAP and ABTS assays, respectively. EPS also exhibited anti-tyrosinase activity at 34.9% inhibition. This work represents the first finding of EPS produced by Bacillus sp. from Thai milk kefir which shows potential applications in the production of antioxidant functional foods and whitening cosmetics. However, optimization of EPS production for industrial exploitation requires further study to ascertain the economic potential.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.124-129
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• 2015

Organic electronics are the domain in which the components and circuits are made of organic materials. This new electronics help to realize electronic and optoelectronic devices on flexible substrates. In recent years, organic materials have replaced conventional semiconductors in many electronic components such as, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and organic photovoltaic (OPVs). It is well known that organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) have many advantages in comparison with inorganic light-emitting diodes LEDs. These advantages include the low price of manufacturing, large area of electroluminescent display, uniform emission and lower the requirement for power. The aim of this paper is to model polymer LEDs and OLEDs made with small molecules for studying the electrical and optical characteristics. The purpose of this modeling process is, to obtain information about the running of OLEDs, as well as, the injection and charge transport mechanisms. The first simulation structure used in this paper is a mono layer device; typically consisting of the poly (2-methoxy-5(2'-ethyl) hexoxy-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) polymer sandwiched between an anode with a high work function, usually an indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate, and a cathode with a relatively low work function, such as Al. Electrons will then be injected from the cathode and recombine with electron holes injected from the anode, emitting light. In the second structure, we replaced MEH-PPV by tris (8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum (Alq₃). This simulation uses, the Poole-Frenkel -like mobility model and the Langevin bimolecular recombination model as the transport and recombination mechanism. These models are enabled in ATLAS- SILVACO. To optimize OLED performance, we propose to change some parameters in this device, such as doping concentration, thickness and electrode materials.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.347-355
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• 2020

본 연구의 목적은 간호사의 연명의료에 대한 태도, 역할 인식 및 간호 스트레스에 대하여 조사하고 관련 요인을 파악하는 것이다. 연구 대상자는 P시에 소재한 G 병원에 근무하는 간호사 160명이며, 구조화된 설문지를 이용하여 자료를 수집하였다. 연명의료에 대한 태도는 5점 만점에 3.33점, 역할 인식은 3.94점 그리고 간호 스트레스는 3.78점이었다. 연명의료에 대한 태도는 근무 병동 그리고 간호 스트레스는 성별, 결혼 상태, 근무 병동에서 유의한 차이가 있었다. 간호 스트레스는 역할 인식과 양의 상관관계가 있었으며, 간호 스트레스에 영향을 미치는 요인은 성별, 내과 병동, 중환자실, 역할 인식이었다. 그러므로 간호사의 연명의료 간호 스트레스 감소를 위한 교육프로그램의 개발과 효과를 확인하는 연구가 필요하다.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.421-428
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• 2022

Background: The exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation is a significant risk factor generally underestimated by outdoor workers and employers. Several studies have pointed out that occupational solar exposure increased eye and skin diseases with a considerable impact on the lives and productivity of affected workers. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness against ultraviolet radiation of some measures recently undertaken for the protection of lifeguards in a coastal area of Tuscany. Methods: Different shading structures (gazebos and beach umbrella) were tested during a sunny summer's day on a sandy beach by means of two radiometers; the UV protection offered by some T-shirts used by lifeguards was also tested in the laboratory with a spectrophotometer. Results: The analysed shading structures strongly reduced the ultraviolet radiation by up to 90%, however a not always negligible diffuse radiation is also present in the shade, requiring further protective measures (T-shirt, sunglasses, sunscreen, etc.); the tested T-shirts showed a very good-excellent protection according to the Australian/New Zealand standard. Conclusion: Results obtained in this study suggest how the adoption and dissemination of good practices, including those tested, could be particularly effective as a primary prevention for lifeguards who are subjected to very high levels of radiation for long periods.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전기물성ㆍ응용부문C
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• 제48권10호
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• pp.710-715
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• 1999

The purpose of this work is to develop a high-efficiency air cleaning system for air pollutants such as particulate and gaseous state in indoor environments. In order to enhance a removal efficiency of gaseous state pollutants, we suggested that pulsed discharge plasma be combined with $TiO_2$ photocatalyst (photocatalytic plasma air cleaning unit). We investigated experimentally the basic characteristics of photocatalytic plasma air cleaning unit and measured air pollutants removal efficiency. The wavelength of light radiated from pulsed discharge plasma under the atmospheric condition was 310~380nm. Its energy is enough to excite the $TiO_2$ photocatalyst and it makes a photochemical reaction in the surface of $TiO_2$ photocatalyst. The removal quantity of trimethylamine$((CH_3)_3N)\; was\; 130mg/m^34 which is twice quantity of pulsed discharge plasma without $TiO_2$ phtocatalyst unit. From the result of gas analysis using FT-IR, nitric oxide was not detected and trimethylamine was decomposed to $H_2O\; and \;CO_2$. And trimethylamine removal efficiency was 95%. These experimental results indicate that photocatalytic plasma air cleaning unit is a potential method in removing the pollutants.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.14-28
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to calculate the total daily nursing workload and the optimum number of nurses per intensive care unit (ICU) based on the nursing intensity and the direct nursing time per inpatient using the patient classification. Methods: Two ICUs at one general hospital were investigated. To calculate the nursing intensity, patient classification according to the nursing needs was conducted for 10 days in each unit during September 2018. We performed patient classifications for a total of 167 patient-days in the Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) and 86 patient-days in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU). The total number of person-days for nurses who responded to the Nursing Time survey was 151 for MICU and 85 for SICU. In each unit, direct and non-direct nursing hours, nursing intensity score, and direct nursing hours were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, and average calculated using Microsoft Excel. The amount of nursing workload and the optimum number of nurses were calculated according to the formula developed by the authors. Findings: For the MICU, the average direct nursing time per patient was 5.59 hours for Group 1, 6.98 hours for Group 2, and 9.28 hours for Group 3. For the SICU, the average direct nursing time per patient was 5.43 hours for Group 1, 7.21 hours for Group 2, 9.75 hours for Group 3, and 12.82 hours for Group 4. Practical Implications: This study confirmed that the appropriate number of nurses was not secured in the nursing unit of this study, and that leisure time such as meal time during nursing work hours was not properly guaranteed. The findings suggest that to create working environments where nurses can serve for extended periods of time without compromising their professional standards, hospitals should secure an appropriate number of nurses.