• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.79-90
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• 1997

The world-wide cigarette market is becoming increasingly regulated. This involves restrictions on the freedom to advertise, restrictions on where people can smoke, and in some ways of most importance, limits on cigarette smoke deliveries. In particular, in an increasingly large number of countries maximum tar legislation is being enacted. In many cases, such as the European Union, this type of legislation is progressive and over time it is entirely conceivable that maximum permitted tar deliveries will be reduced to as low as 5 mg, possibly with additional restrictions on smoke nicotine deliveries. In addition, the pace of change is increasing as more and more countries embark on tar reduction programmes. The key challenge facing the cigarette industry is to manage these changes in such a way which ensures that product acceptability is maintained at as high a level as is possible in these circumstances. There are a number of ways of achieving this involving filter ventilation, modifying blends and using different filter constructions The real innovation comes when combining these in a way that gives the most acceptable balance of all these competing variables as far as the smoker is concerned. Undoubtedly, the nature of the filter is of crucial importance in designing the most acceptable low tar products, and this paper will discuss some of the filter types which are currently in use in the various low tar markets around the world. Also, some thoughts about the future in terms of new filter developments will be presented.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.89-99
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• 2022

Due to COVID-19, non-face-to-face cultures such as remote classes, remote work, and tele-medicine are spreading. The major contributors to the settlement of such a non-face-to-face society are small and medium SW companies and SW manpower. However, recently as large platform companies and foreign big tech companies hire thousands of SW manpower, SW small and medium-sized companies are experiencing a serious manpower shortage. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to suggest policy alternatives for SMEs to stably secure SW manpower and support continuous business operation. To achieve this purpose, this study examines the current status of the SW industry and manpower, then summarizes related issues and suggests policy alternatives to solve these issues. Those policies include the reinforcement of incentives to support manpower retention such as the Naeil Chaeum deduction system, youth housing union composition, special military service system, recruitment of manpower through the contract semester system of employment conditions, reinforcement of customized education through supplementation of the SW manpower training voucher system, SW field skill standardization, establishment of a governance system for nurturing SW manpower, preparation of countermeasures against the outflow of manpower to large companies, and a win-win cooperation program for large and SME SW manpower.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2017

Purpose: To report the clinical results from surgical treatment for clavicle shaft fracture by percutaneous intramedullary fixation with Steinmann pins. Materials and Methods: Between January 2004 and June 2014, the medical records of 135 patients who underwent percutaneous intramedullary fixation with Steinmann pins were reviewed. The mean follow-up periods were 15 months. The functional results were evaluated with The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score and Constant score. The clinical results were evaluated with the shortened length of the clavicle, length of surgical wound, operation time and Kang's criteria. Results: The mean bone union period was 11.6 weeks (8-16 weeks). The mean DASH score was 11.8. The mean Constant score was 91.2. The mean shortened length of the clavicle was less than 20 mm. The mean length of surgical wound was 1.2 cm (0.7-1.5 cm). The mean operation time was 18 minutes (10-35 minutes). Using Kang's criteria, 131 out of 135 patients (97.0%) showed good results. Complications included were 3 pin migrations and 2 non-unions. Conclusion: Percutaneous intramedullary fixation with Steinmann pins showed good results for treating clavicle shaft fracture.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.6 no.10
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• pp.449-456
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• 2016

In this study we recomposed the life story of Min Tatyana who is a Koryo-saram, or in other words, an ethnic Korean residing Kazakhstan. The life story of an overseas Korean, or Koryo-saram to be exact, includes in itself their multi-level identity which consists of the period of the immigration of Koryo-sarams, the special incident of deportation, as well as life as people of the Soviet Union and Kazakhstan, and life as a Korean race. In this study, we were confirmed the texture of the Korean race thought ordinary korean Min Tatyana life who living in Kazakhstan. The life story of Min Tatyana was reconstituted into two stories as "growing up in a multicultural society as Koryo-Saram" and "to live a life as the descendants of independence activist". She was born in historically region Kyzylorda, where living Korean groups and now she is living in Almaty, where living the many koreans ethnic groups of Kazakhstan. Also, her parents were respected to the local residents and her grandfather of husband was famous independent activist. These aspects have helped keep her Korean ethnic identity. The life story of Min Tatyana is personal story and qualitative text, which shows social, cultural background of korean ethnic who living in Kazakhstan. This study is expected to help to confirm the Koryo-Saram characteristics and aspect of their multilayer life.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.91-116
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• 2016

This study proposes a research model to investigate the effect of ICT on national culture and values. Why should we research the relationship between ICT and culture? We do this to shed light on the cultural framework and find areas for further research. This research has found that the development of Information Communication Technology(ICT) has proved to have a positive effect on the quality of individualism (B0.603), there is a decrease in power distance index(B-0.331)and a correlation between individualism and wealth. Also, the development of Information Communication Technology(ICT) has proved to have a positive effect on the quality of Long Term Orientation. As for adoption and use of ICT, the role of culture is important for many reasons. First of all, we can recognize the importance of national culture and organizational culture in establishing the ability of the overall culture to adapt, efficiently merging with different cultures and overcoming potential obstacles of these tasks. This is the evidence supporting the current theory. Our research shows that development of technology highly influences deep human values. Furthermore, the data points used in this research are from World Economic Forum, World Development Indicator and International Telecommunication Union. In order to understand and develop social evolution and progress, we tried to use data that is fair and verifiable.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.139-151
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• 2023

Sulfonylurea herbicides are widely used in agriculture because they have a long residual period and high selectivity. An analytical method was developed using QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) technique for simultaneous determination of sulfonylurea herbicide residues in agricultural products by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and for establishment MRL (Maximum Residue Limit) of those herbicides in Korea. Extraction was performed using acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid with MgSO₄ (anhydrous magnesium sulfate) and NaCl (sodium chloride) and the extract was cleaned up using MgSO₄ and C₁₈ (octadecyl). The matrix-matched calibration curves were composed of 7 concentration levels from 0.001 to 0.25 mg/kg and their coefficients of determination (R²) exceeded 0.99. The recoveries of three spiking levels (LOQ, 10LOQ, 50LOQ, n=5) were in the range of 71.7-114.9% with relative standard deviations of less than 20.0% for all the five agriculture products. All validation values met criteria of the European Union SANTE/11312/2021 guidelines and Food and Drug Safety Evaluation guidelines. Therefore, the proposed analytical method was accurate, effective, and sensitive for sulfonylurea herbicide residues determination in agricultural commodities.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.183-192
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• 2007

The various environmental regulation directives such as RoHS (restriction of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic products) and WEEE (waste from electrical and electronic equipments) are practically used as the technical barrier in international trade (TBT) of vehicles and electrical and electronic products recently. Regarding such an environmental regulation, Korea Research Institute of Standards Science (KRISS) organized a proficiency testing scheme to establish the reliability of measurement results produced by the relevant research institutes and test laboratories in Korea. Participants were 31 laboratories related to production of the electrical and electronic equipments and mobile vehicles. Two polypropylene samples of pellet type were employed as the proficiency testing materials (PTMs). Cadmium and lead were the analytes chosen among six components regulated in European Union (EU) RoHS directive. The PTMs were sent to the participants by post on September $1^{st}$ 2006, and deadline for results submission were October $10^{th}$ 2006. The results of each laboratory were evaluated in comparison with KRISS reference values using Robustic Z-score and Youden plot methods. The results of the various sample digestion methods were also compared. Most of participants reported good agreement within 10 % range of reference values. However, results from several laboratories showed significant biases from reference values. These laboratories should establish the quality assurance system for improvement of the measurement reliability.

• Journal of the Korean Society of International Agriculture
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.552-559
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• 2011

China is a one of the largest agricultural countries in the world. China consumes around 12.5 billion kilograms of seeds each year. Suchhuge demand for seeds has made the Chinese seed market more and more attractive for investment. Through analysis on the present situation and existing problems of the seed industry in China and based on the current Chinese seed industry development, some future prospects for investments are indicated. This investigation was carried out to propose the appropriate strategies on the development of the Korea seed industry as it considers its entry into the China seed market as a new growth engine in the agricultural sector. The basic law regulating the Chinese seed industry is the PRC Seed Law that generally refers to the protection of germplasm resources, verification of varieties, seed quality issues, the import and export of seeds, seed administrative management, and various rights and obligations. The regulations were aimed at the protection of the rights concerning new varieties of plants. China has two main industry associations, the National Seed Association and the China Seed Industry IP Union, that are non-profit associations consisting of entities and people engaging in the seed scientific research, production, operation and management. The China National Seed Group Co., Ltd. ("Sino Seeds") is the market leader in China regarding the seed industry. The chinese government, however, encourages investment from multinational companies as well as importation of modern crop planting management technologies and equipment. It supports the entry of investors with proven experiences in breeding and germplasm resources expansion and R&D. There has never been a better time for multinational companies with proven seed industry experience to look at building relationships with the Chinese government and enterprises.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.3-30
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• 2011

When the European Union countries (EU27) are viewed as the composition between the old member countries (EU15) and the new member states (NMS12), the statistics exhibit that the EU15 is the largest trade partner of the NMS12. According to the Korea-EU FTA agreement, the existing patterns of trade among the EU15, the NMS12, and Korea may create not only the increase in trade opportunity between the NMS12 and Korea, but also the higher rivalry threat on export from the NMS12 to the EU15 destination due to the potential increase in export from Korea to the EU15 market. This research examines in both potential impacts at the 3-digit level of SITC Rev.3 industry, in the point of view of the NMS12. Various conventional trade indices are employed in the study. However, the existing trade index exhibits the limitation for measuring the different degree of rivalry threat on exports of two different exporters in the same export destination. Hence, this study develops a new trade index, the so-called Rivalry Threat Index (RTI), to measure the export competition between the NMS12 and Korea in the EU15 destination. The results indicate that from the point of view of the NMS12, the EU-Korea FTA agreement may cause Korea acts as a trade partner and as an export competitor simultaneously.

• Journal of Digestive Cancer Research
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.104-107
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• 2013

Gallbladder (GB) cancer is highly malignant neoplasm found in advanced stage and chemotherapy commonly plays a palliative role in GB cancer. We report a case of unresectable GB cancer treated with chemotherapy followed by extended cholecystectomy. Fifty-six-year-old male visited our hospital with weight loss and dyspnea on exertion. Computed tomography detected pulmonary embolism and diffuse GB wall thickening with para-aortic lymph node enlargement. The length of common channel was 23mm at magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography which stands for anomalous union of the pancreaticobiliary duct. Anticoagulation was started for pulmonary embolism. GB wall mass was regarded as unresectable GB cancer with distant lymph node metastasis. Gemcitabine and cisplatin combination chemotherapy was carried out for 6 cycles. Primary tumor was stationary but multiple enlarged lymphnodes were almost completely disappeared. Extended cholecystectomy with hepaticojejunostomy was performed. Post-operative tumor stage was T3N1 (stage IIIB) and R0 resection was achieved. After operation he has no evidence of disease recurrence for 6 months.