• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.639-645
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• 2009

In this study, alkanolamine was used to achieve high absorption rates for $CO_2$ as suggested at several literatures. The absorption rates of aqueous AMP and MEA solutions with $CO_2$, $SO_2$, $NO_2$ were measured using a stirredcell reactor. The reaction rate constants were determined from the measured absorption rates. The performances were evaluated under various operating conditions. As a result, the reactions with $SO_2$, $NO_2$ into aqueous AMP and MEA solutions were classified as an instantaneous reaction respectively. The absorption rates increased with increase of the reaction temperature and the concentration of absorbents. The simultaneous absorption rate of $CO_2/SO_2/NO_2$ into 3, 5, 10 wt.% MEA at various pressure of $CO_2/SO_2/NO_2$, was more increased 14~20% than AMP solution. We investigated the effect of $SO_2$ and $NO_2$ on the simultaneous absorption of $CO_2/SO_2/NO_2$ from a flue gas. The performances were evaluated under various operating conditions in order to investigate the absorption characteristic.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.13-23
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• 1983

In recent days, family planning is not only a problem limitted to our country but an important problem for the while world to solve. Up to present, various methods of sterilization have been developed for population control. When a patient with a previous tubal sterilization by operative method develops any symptoms and signs of pregnancy, we strongly consider it ectopic pregnancy and intrauterine pregnancy. As the cause of sterilization failure, we think that the tubal loop sloughs away and tubal ends either unite and recanalization results or heal and failure of union results in fistula. This present study considered of the 34 cases of ectopic pregnancies and 2 cases of intrauterine pregnancies after tubal sterilization by laparoscopy and Pomeroy's method, at the Dept. of Gynecol. in Kyung Hee University Hospital, during 6 years from Jan. 1977 to Dec. 1982. Authors take result in this study retrospectively. 1. Mean age was 33.7 years for the laparoscopic tubal sterilization group, 31.5 years for the Pomeroy tubal sterilization group. 2. The number of mean gravida and parity at the sterilization was 4.9, 2.8 for the laparoscopic tubal sterilization group, 4.2, 2.2 for the Pomeroy tubal sterilization group, :respectively. 3. The number of mean artificial abortion at the sterilization was all 2.2 for the laparoscopic and Pomeroy tubal sterilization groups. 4. Mean intervals from the tubal surgery to the incidental pregnancy was 3.2 years for the laparoscopic tubal sterilization group, and 3.8 years for the Pomeroy tubal sterilization group. 5. 63.3% of the laparoscopic tubal sterilization group had problem of inadequate tubal ligation, in comparison to having no inadequate problem in the Pomeroy tubal sterilization group. 6. The previous tubal sterilized scar was found to be 6 cases (17.6%) of inner portion, 15 cases (44.4%) of midportion, 13 cases (38.2%) of outer portion at the time of operation. The tubal site of ectopic pregnancy was found to be 23 cases (67.6%) of ampullary portion,S cases ( 4.7%) of isthmic and fimbrial portion, respectively. 7. The causes of table sterilization failure were, in order of frequency, technical error (19 cases), fistula formation (6 cases) and recanalization (5 cases) for the laparoscopic tubal sterilization group and fistula formation (2 cases), technical error (l case), recanalization (l case) fo the Pomeroy tubal sterilization group. 8. As the new applicated contraceptive method in incidental pregnant patient, Authors used 2 gravigard insertion for the two intrauterine pregnancy and 34 Pomeroys' tubal ligation, 2 total abdominal hysterectomy (due to associated pelvic inflammatory disease) for the 36 tubal pregnancy.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.209-219
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• 1997

Objectives: Anterior approach to achieve arthrodesis of the cervical spine has become a widely accepted and often-used approach since its earliest reports by Bailey and Badgley, Smith and Robinson and Cloward. However, anterior interbody fusion in the presence of the posterior instability may be complicated by the bone graft dislodgement, kyphotic defomity or nonunion. As an attemp to prevent this undesirable complication, additional methods such as skeletal traction, halo appratus or even posterior fusion has been utilized. Therefore, The cervical spine locking plate(CSLP) with the anterior intervertebral body bone grafting provide immediate cervical stabilization and widely successful in achieving fusion. Material and methods: This study analysed 14 patients who underwent a single anterior procedure and application of CSLP for the treatment of the cervical spinal disorder. Eleven patients were disc herniations and three patients were traumatic lesion. The average age of the patient was 47 years and the mean follow up periods was 20 months ranging from 13 to 27 months. Results: Ambulation was started 2nd day after the operation with the aid of the Philadelpia orthoses. Bone union was observed 13 cases on average 12 weeks after operation. The one case was nonunion with plate breakage without clinical symptom. Conclusion: Anterior fusion with CSLP are thought to be a safe and valuable method for treating cervical spine disorder.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.19-23
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• 2013

A simple and rapid method has been developed and validated for simultaneous determination of each macrolides residues (spiramycin, josamycin, tilmicosin, tylosin) in chicken muscle by high-performance liquid chromatography- photo diode array (HPLC-PDA). Chicken muscle sample have been extracted with liquid-liquid extraction process; analytes was extracted by acetonitrile, and then defatted with hexane saturated by acetonitrile. The HPLC separation was performed on a Unison UK-$C_{18}$ ($150mm{\times}3.0mm$, $3{\mu}m$) with a gradient system of 0.1% trifloroacetic acid (TFA) and 0.1% trifloroacetic acid (TFA) in acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The drugs were detected at 232 nm for spiramycin and josamycin, and 287 nm for tilmicosin and tylosin. The limits of quantification (LOQs) were between 27 and $59{\mu}g/kg$; and the intra- and inter-day precision (relative standard deviation; RSD) was between 0.9-13.2 and 2.4-13.1%, respectively in chicken muscle sample. The method may has been successfully applied for multiresidue determination of four macrolides below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) established by the European Union (EU).

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.242-249
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• 2015

Objective : The timing of cranioplasty and method of bone flap storage are known risk factors of non-union and resorption of bone flaps. In this animal experimental study, we evaluated the efficacy of cranioplasty using frozen autologous bone flap, and examined whether the timing of cranioplasty after craniectomy affects bone fusion and new bone formation. Methods : Total 8 rabbits (male, older than 16 weeks) were divided into two groups of early cranioplasty group (EG, 4 rabbits) and delayed cranioplasty group (DG, 4 rabbits). The rabbits of each group were performed cranioplasty via frozen autologous bone flaps 4 weeks (EG) and 8 weeks (DG) after craniectomy. In order to obtain control data, the cranioplasty immediate after craniectomy were made on the contralateral cranial bone of the rabbits (control group, CG). The bone fusion and new bone formation were evaluated by micro-CT scan and histological examination 8 weeks after cranioplasty on both groups. Results : In the micro-CT scans, the mean values of the volume and the surface of new bone were $50.13{\pm}7.18mm^3$ and $706.23{\pm}77.26mm^2$ in EG, $53.78{\pm}10.86mm^3$ and $726.60{\pm}170.99mm^2$ in DG, and $31.51{\pm}12.84mm^3$ and $436.65{\pm}132.24mm^2$ in CG. In the statistical results, significant differences were shown between EG and CG and between DG and CG (volume : p=0.028 and surface : p=0.008). The histological results confirmed new bone formation in all rabbits. Conclusion : We observed new bone formation on all the frozen autologous bone flaps that was stored within 8 weeks. The timing of cranioplasty may showed no difference of degree of new bone formation. Not only the healing period after cranioplasty but the time interval from craniectomy to cranioplasty could affect the new bone formation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.8
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• pp.1114-1120
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• 2015

; This study investigated the improvement effects of artificial rice containing Curcuma longa L. on lipid parameters in 3T3-L1 cells and C57BL/6J mice. Mice were divided into four groups, normal diet group (ND), high-fat diet group (HD), 20% artificial group (A20), and 20% Curcuma longa L. artificial rice group (C20), for 14 weeks. Adipogenesis was significantly suppressed compared with non-treated control at a concentration of $20{\mu}g/mL$. After the animal experiment, food efficiency ratio was elevated in the experimental group due to high-fat diet, whereas it was reduced in the A20 group and significantly reduced in the C20 group. Epididymal fat pad weight was significantly diminished in the C20 group. In addition, serum triglycerides were significantly reduced in the A20 and C20 groups compared to the HD group. Moreover, serum cholesterol level tended to decrease in the A20 group and significantly decreased in the C20 group compared with the HD group. According to these results, we can know that Curcuma longa L.-containing artificial rice has an improvement effect on lipid metabolism.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.219-224
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• 2012

European Union prohibited the marketing of cosmetic products containing constituents that have been examined through animal experiments. Thus, non-animal test models are needed to replace animal experiments. The reconstructed skin models are important as a test system for cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and medical device safety testing. In the present study, we tried to develop an optimal skin equivalent model containing basement membrane and epidermis. For this purpose, we used mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and/or preadipocytes as well as fibroblasts as the dermal matrix cells. The formation of basement membrane and epidermis was verified by immunohistochemical stains. Among various models, the epidermis was thickest when MSCs were used in the dermal matrix. Furthermore, PCNA and involucrin distribution showed that dermal matrix with MSCs resembled human skin. Therefore, skin equivalents with MSCs could be developed as a non-animal test model to replace animal experiments.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1467-1478
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to develop a curriculum for the oriental clinical nurse specialist program based on the understanding of Korean human beings so as to develop nursing as a profession and promote the client's health. The design of this study was based on literature review and nominal group study. The research was managed by East-West Nursing Research Institute of nursing science college at Kyung Hee University. The research team was composed of 17 professors of nursing departments of oriental medical colleges. We obtained opinions from Oriental Nurses Association, Oriental Nursing Research Association, and professors in oriental medical college. We reviewed articles, curriculums of other clinical nurse specialist programs, medical laws and the curriculum development plan for the oriental clinical nurse specialist program from Korean Nurses Association. We discussed a curriculum thoroughly in numerous meetings. We developed a following curriculum: 1. Educational philosophy was founded on the oriental human view which was based on Chun-In union theory. It was founded on the oriental health view which recognized health being in harmony with nature and the balance of body function with the harmony of Yin-Yang in the five elements. In addition, it was founded on oriental nursing view to promote these health states. 2. Educational goals were to train oriental clinical nurse specialists, oriental nursing educators and oriental nursing researchers who developed knowledge of oriental nursing theory, nursing practice and created a leadership. 3. Curriculum consisted of 48 credits, of which 36 credits are based on lectures and laboratory classes and 12 credits are based on clinical practice. 36 credits consisted of 5 general subject credits and 31 core subject credits. General subjects consisted of nursing theory, nursing research, law and ethics. Students who had earned master's degrees are not required to take the general subjects. Core subjects consisted of 11 subjects such as advanced physical examination and laboratory, oriental nursing theory, original text of oriental nursing, oriental medical nursing, oriental pediatric nursing, oriental gynecologic nursing, oriental gerontologic nursing, oriental pharmacology, oriental constitutional nursing, advanced nursing of channels and acupuncture points and laboratory and oriental rehabilitation nursing and laboratory. In addition, clinical practice in a hospital ward, out patient department, herb prepation room, department of physical therapy and health promotion center in oriental medical hospitals for 12 weeks. To admit this program, students should complete prerequisites of introduction to oriental nursing and nursing of channels and acupuncture points. 4. Course contents of each subjects were developed to include the course's goal and objectives and specific items. 5. Evaluation involved lecture, laboratory and in field practice. We applied various evaluation systems and methods that were based on both knowledge and skills of the students to ensure full credibility and validity.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1069-1079
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• 2018

Based on the theory of media governance, we analyzed the factors affecting the KBS system and the perception of the improvement of corporate governance, and suggested ways to improve the governance structure. The results of the study are as follows. First, the factors affecting the KBS system are politics, followed by the public broadcasting itself, that is, professionalism. Political factors were found to be the most influential factors in the public broadcasting KBS Institution. Second, the KBS governance structure, like the BBC, preferred a political independent model, while the board composition and proportions favored a German-style union model involving various stakeholders outside the political circle. Third, the future - oriented KBS governance model requires a change in the civil society (public) sphere that is deviated from the influence of politics and market. In the end, in order for the public broadcasting KBS system to operate stably, the political influence should be reduced, and the role of the government and the market should be controlled by the growth of the public sphere (civil society).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.340-344
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• 2006

The objective of this paper was to investigate the potential of road-crossing structures as biological corridors that can overcome wildlife habitat fragmentation caused by road construction. Snow tracking on animal trace adjacent to and under bridges, underpasses, and culverts of eight rural highways in Korea was carried out. A total 89 structures were monitored and the results follow. First, the probability of road crossing increases with the increasing cross sectional size of crossing structures. Second, small to medium sized carnivores such as raccoon dog, leopard cat, and Siberian weasel use all types of structures. Finally, water deer, or large herbivore crossed only under bridges. Consequently, further studies are necessary to identify suitable types of road crossing structures that can mitigate the probability of road-kills and habitat fragmentation of water deer.