• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.126-135
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• 2022

Decentralization is a structural characteristic surrounding the allocation of power within an organization and is discussed at the organizational, national and local levels. This study examined the evaluation and decentralization direction of decentralization of public officials to derive problems and development directions of decentralization in Korea. We also derive our decentralization task. The decentralization task is, first, the expansion of autonomy in organization composition. The organization of local governments shall be determined according to the details and amount of local affairs. Second, it is to secure autonomy in personnel management. It is desirable for local governments to handle local gardens and manpower management autonomously rather than central uniform control. However, it is necessary to leave the checks and supervision to the local council, civic groups, and local residents. Third, the expansion of fiscal decentralization. First of all, the tax rate should be determined by ordinance within the scope prescribed by law to expand the autonomous financial authority. Next, it is necessary to expand local finances through the conversion of national taxes to local taxes. Next, it is necessary to expand local income taxes and local consumption taxes. Decentralization requires cooperation between the central and local governments and participation of local residents and stakeholders, breaking away from central unilateral and short-term thinking.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.346-361
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• 2013

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2012. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. The conclusions are as follows : (1) The research works on thermal and fluid engineering have been reviewed as groups of fluid machinery, pipes and valves, fuel cells and power plants, ground-coupled heat pumps, and general heat and mass transfer systems. Research issues are mainly focused on new and renewable energy systems, such as fuel cells, ocean thermal energy conversion power plants, and ground-coupled heat pump systems. (2) Research works on the heat transfer area have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, pool boiling and condensing heat transfer, and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included the results for natural convection in a square enclosure with two hot circular cylinders, non-uniform grooved tube considering tube expansion, single-tube annular baffle system, broadcasting LED light with ion wind generator, mechanical property and microstructure of SA213 P92 boiler pipe steel, and flat plate using multiple tripping wires. In the area of pool boiling and condensing heat transfer, researches on the design of a micro-channel heat exchanger for a heat pump, numerical simulation of a heat pump evaporator considering the pressure drop in the distributor and capillary tubes, critical heat flux on a thermoexcel-E enhanced surface, and the performance of a fin-and-tube condenser with non-uniform air distribution and different tube types were actively carried out. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, researches on a plate heat exchanger type dehumidifier, fin-tube heat exchanger, an electric circuit transient analogy model in a vertical closed loop ground heat exchanger, heat transfer characteristics of a double skin window for plant factory, a regenerative heat exchanger depending on its porous structure, and various types of plate heat exchangers were performed. (3) In the field of refrigeration, various studies were executed to improve refrigeration system performance, and to evaluate the applicability of alternative refrigerants and new components. Various topics were presented in the area of refrigeration cycle. Research issues mainly focused on the enhancement of the system performance. In the alternative refrigerant area, studies on CO2, R32/R152a mixture, and R1234yf were performed. Studies on the design and performance analysis of various compressors and evaporator were executed. (4) In building mechanical system research fields, twenty-nine studies were conducted to achieve effective design of mechanical systems, and also to maximize the energy efficiency of buildings. The topics of the studies included heating and cooling, HVAC system, ventilation, renewable energy systems, and lighting systems in buildings. New designs and performance tests using numerical methods and experiments provide useful information and key data, which can improve the energy efficiency of buildings. (5) In the fields of the architectural environment, studies for various purposes, such as indoor environment, building energy, and renewable energy were performed. In particular, building energy-related researches and renewable energy systems have been mainly studied, reflecting interests in global climate change, and efforts to reduce building energy consumption by government and architectural specialists. In addition, many researches have been conducted regarding indoor environments.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.323-331
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• 2006

The manufacture and consumption of traditional Korean rice cake is being revived due to the introduction of various desserts and confectionaries in the food industry. In order to develop this traditional food of Korea and allow various types of rice cakes to enter the market, it is essential to standardize the cooking methodology. In particular, there has been little research on Dutubpyun, a traditional food famous for its good taste. In addition, the original cooking methodology varies between cookbooks. Therefore, in order to standardize the cooking methodology for Dutubpyun referring to various cookbooks, different types Dutubpyun were made by varying the grain fineness of the glutinous rice powder to 16, 20, 30 and 40 meshes, adding up water to 10%, up sugar to 10% and up soy sauce to 5%. Subsequently, a sensory evaluation, and a test on the moisture, degree of gelatinization and hardness during storage were measured to determine the optimal grain fineness of the powder. For the sensory evaluation, where the grain sizes of the glutinous rice powder were different, the 30 and 40 mesh samples received high scores for grain fineness, moisture and chewiness. The 40 mesh samples received high scores for softness, while the overall quality was the highest in the 30 mesh samples. The moisture content during storage was $38.0{\sim}40.6%$ for the samples on the day of cooking, while it was reduced to $33.3{\sim}35%$ after 3 days of storage. Regarding the degree of gelatinization during storage, the maltose content was $2.4{\sim}2.7 mg$ for the samples on the day of cooking. After 3 days, the maltose content was $2.3{\sim}2.8 mg$ but the maltose content was higher in the 40 mesh samples than in the other samples. Regarding the change in hardness during storage, the hardness marked high in the 20 mesh samples on the day of cooking (p<0.05), while it was high in the 16 mesh samples after 3 days of storage (p<0.001). The hardness tended to increase with increasing storage time. Regarding the surface structure of the glutinous rice powder and Dutubpyun, a difference in grain fineness was clearly seen in the 15x-magnifications photograph of the rice powder structure taken by SEM. At 60x and 180x magnifications of surface of Dutubpyun, the 16 mesh samples had a uniform air gap, and a lumpy configuration. Smaller air gaps were dispersed homogeneously and similar to a net in the 20 and 30 mesh samples. The 40 mesh samples showed to a net-likes structure with cracks. Overall, for the best conditions for cooking Dutubpyun, the grain fineness of the glutinous rice power needs to be 30 mesh.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.07a
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• pp.489-492
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• 2005

We report new polymer stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal (PSFLC) cells with mechanical stability which is achievable by introducing photospacers in the cells. It was found that the mechanical st ability of the PSFLC cell was effected by introduction of photo spacers. We analyzed the dependence of mechanical stability and memory property on the density of photospacers in the PSFLC cell. The stability and memory properties of PSFLC Cells depending on photospacer density are discussed. 1. Introduction Recently, flexible displays have attracted much attention because they have remarkable advantages: thinner, lighter, non-breakable and conformable features. Flexible displays have various potential applications such as e-book and e-paper displays utilizing the distinct features. E-book and E-paper displays demand very low power consumption, so that bistable memory liquid crystal modes are required in case of flexible plastic LCDs for those application. Three kinds of memory LC modes have been developed; bistable nematic, bistable cholesteric and bistable FLC. Among them SSFLC as one of bistable FLC has big advantages such as low driving voltage, wide view angle and fast response time, SSFLC cells are, however, very weak against mechanical shock. Polymer stabilized FLC (PSFLC) has been developed to overcome the poor mechanical stability of SSFLC. PSFLC was known to have network structure that FLCs are oriented with smectic layer ordering in polymer network. The polymer network stabilizes the FLC orientation, which leads to improvement of mechanical stability of PSFLCD. A lot of studies have been done for the application of PSFLC to flexible $LCDs.^{[1{\sim}12]}$ However, it should be noted that PSFLC does not have sufficient mechanical stability for the particular applications such as smart card LCD, where LCD is highly bendable.Bead spacer was mainly used to maintain cell gap of conventional PSFLCDs. But the spacer density of it is not locally uniform in the cell, so that it is generally difficult that the PSFLCDs with bead spacers show sufficient mechanical stability. In order to more improve the mechanical stability of PSFLCDs, we introduced photospacers into PSFLCDs. In this paper, we describe the improvement of mechanical stability by introducing photospacers into PSFLCDs.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.380-394
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• 2015

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2014. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) The research works on the thermal and fluid engineering have been reviewed as groups of heat and mass transfer, cooling and heating, and air-conditioning, the flow inside building rooms, and smoke control on fire. Research issues dealing with duct and pipe were reduced, but flows inside building rooms, and smoke controls were newly added in thermal and fluid engineering research area. (2) Research works on heat transfer area have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, pool boiling and condensing heat transfer and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included the results for thermal contact resistance measurement of metal interface, a fan coil with an oval-type heat exchanger, fouling characteristics of plate heat exchangers, effect of rib pitch in a two wall divergent channel, semi-empirical analysis in vertical mesoscale tubes, an integrated drying machine, microscale surface wrinkles, brazed plate heat exchangers, numerical analysis in printed circuit heat exchanger. In the area of pool boiling and condensing, non-uniform air flow, PCM applied thermal storage wall system, a new wavy cylindrical shape capsule, and HFC32/HFC152a mixtures on enhanced tubes, were actively studied. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, researches on solar water storage tank, effective design on the inserting part of refrigerator door gasket, impact of different boundary conditions in generating g-function, various construction of SCW type ground heat exchanger and a heat pump for closed cooling water heat recovery were performed. (3) In the field of refrigeration, various studies were carried out in the categories of refrigeration cycle, alternative refrigeration and modelling and controls including energy recoveries from industrial boilers and vehicles, improvement of dehumidification systems, novel defrost systems, fault diagnosis and optimum controls for heat pump systems. It is particularly notable that a substantial number of studies were dedicated for the development of air-conditioning and power recovery systems for electric vehicles in this year. (4) In building mechanical system research fields, seventeen studies were reported for achieving effective design of the mechanical systems, and also for maximizing the energy efficiency of buildings. The topics of the studies included energy performance, HVAC system, ventilation, and renewable energies, piping in the buildings. Proposed designs, performance performance tests using numerical methods and experiments provide useful information and key data which can improve the energy efficiency of the buildings. (5) The field of architectural environment was mostly focused on indoor environment and building energy. The main researches of indoor environment were related to the evaluation of work noise in tunnel construction and the simulation and development of a light-shelf system. The subjects of building energy were worked on the energy saving of office building applied with window blind and phase change material(PCM), a method of existing building energy simulation using energy audit data, the estimation of thermal consumption unit of apartment building and its case studies, dynamic window performance, a writing method of energy consumption report and energy estimation of apartment building using district heating system. The remained studies were related to the improvement of architectural engineering education system for plant engineering industry, estimating cooling and heating degree days for variable base temperature, a prediction method of underground temperature, the comfort control algorithm of car air conditioner, the smoke control performance evaluation of high-rise building, evaluation of thermal energy systems of bio safety laboratory and a development of measuring device of solar heat gain coefficient of fenestration system.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.288-296
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• 2019

Radiation cooling has used ceilings or floors as cooling surfaces. In such cases, to avoid moisture condensation on the surface, the surface temperature needs be higher than the dew point temperature or an additional dehumidifier is added. In this study, with a goal for residential application, intentional moisture condensation on the cooling surface was attempted, which increased the cooling capacity and improved the indoor comfortness. This method included two separate refrigeration cycles - convection-type dehumidifying cycle and the panel cooling cycle. Test results on the panel cooling cycle showed that, at the standard outdoor ($35^{\circ}C/24^{\circ}C$) and indoor ($27^{\circ}C/19.5^{\circ}C$) condition, the refrigerant flow rate was 8.8 kg/h, condensation temperature was $51^{\circ}C$, evaporation temperature was $8.8^{\circ}C$, cooling capacity was 376 W and COP was 1.75. Furthermore, the panel temperature was uniform within $1^{\circ}C$ (between $13^{\circ}C$ and $14^{\circ}C$). As the relative humidity decreased, the cooling capacity decreased. However, the power consumption remained approximately constant. In the convection-type dehumidification cycle, the refrigerant flow rate was 21.1 kg/h, condensation temperature was $61^{\circ}C$, evaporation temperature was $5.0^{\circ}C$, cooling capacity was 949 W and COP was 2.11 at the standard air condition. When both the radiation panel cooling and the dehumidification cycle operated simultaneously, the cooling capacity of the radiation panel cycle was 333 W and that of the dehumidification cycle was 894 W, and the COP was 1.89. As the fan flow rate decreased, both the cooling capacity of the radiation panel and the dehumidification cycle decreased, with that of the dehumidification cycle decreasing at a higher rate. Finally, a possible control logic depending on the change of the cooling load was proposed based on the results of the present study.