• Computers and Concrete
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.659-670
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• 2024

The mechanical behaviour of layered concrete samples containing an internal crack was numerically studied by modelling the geo-mechanical specimens in the particle flow code in two dimensions (PFC2D). The numerical modelling software was calibrated with the experimental results of the Brazilian tensile strengths gained from the laboratory disc-type specimens. Then, the samples with the bedding layers and internal notch were numerically simulated with PFC2D under uniaxial compressive loading. In each specimen, the layers' thickness was 10 mm but the layer's inclination angle was changed to 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, 120° and 150°. Of course, the layers'interfaces are considered to have very low strengths. The internal notch was kept at 3 cm in length however, its inclination angle was changed to 0°, 40°, 60° and 90°. Therefore, a total, of 24 numerical models were made to study the failure mechanism of the layered concrete samples. Considering these results, it has been concluded that the inclination angles of both internal crack and bedding layers affect the failure mechanism and uniaxial compressive strength of the concrete.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.334-346
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• 2006

개별요소법을 사용한 수치해석 프로그램인 PFC2D는 암석역학에 많이 사용되고 있다. 그러나 해석 모델을 구성하는 입자와 접촉의 특성을 결정하기 위해서는 시행오차적인 지루한 반복 과정을 거쳐야 한다. 본 연구에서는 해석 모델을 정의하는 미시변수가 일축압축시험으로부터 얻어지는 거시 물성에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 또한 분석 결과에 기초하여 간단하고 신뢰할 수 있는 정량적인 미시변수 결정법을 제안하였다. 제안된 미시변수 결정법을 검증하기 위하여 10종류의 암석 시험편을 생성하기 위한 수치 실험을 수행하였다. 그 결과 단 2회의 수치 실험만으로 탄성계수 포아송비 그리고 일축압축강도를 실험실 시험값과의 상대오차 % 내외로 재현할 수 있었다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제27권10호
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• pp.1630-1635
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• 2003

The deformation and fracture behaviors of a bulk amorphous metal, Zr-based one (Zr$\_$41.2/Ti$\_$13.8/Cu$\_$12.5/Ni$\_$10/Be$\_$22.5/: Vitreloy), were investigated over a strain rate range (7x10$\^$-4/～4 s$\^$-1/). The uniaxial compression test and the indentation test using 3mm-diameter WC balls were carried out under quasi-static loading conditions. As a result, at the uniaxial compressive state, the fracture stress of the material was very high (～1,700MPa) and the elastic strain limit was about 2%. The fracture strength showed a strain rate independent behavior up to 4 s$\^$-1/. Using indentation tests, the plastic deformation behavior of the Zr-based BAM up to a large strain value of 15% could be achieved, even though it was the deformation under locally constrained condition. The Meyer hardness of the Zr-based BAM measured by static indentation tests was about 5 GPa and it revealed negligible strain hardening behavior. At indented sites, the plastic indentation occurred forming a crater and well-developed multiple shear bands were generated around it along the direction of 45 degree when the indentation load exceeded 7kN. With increasing indentation load, shear bands became dense. The fracture surface of the specimen after uniaxial compressive tests showed vein-like pattern, typical morphology of many BAMs.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.541-560
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• 2017

In this research, experimental and numerical simulations were adopted to investigate the effects of ligament angle on compressive strength and failure mode of rock-like material specimens containing two non-coplanar filled fissures under uniaxial compression. The experimental results show that with the increase of ligament angle, the compressive strength decreases to a nadir at the ligament angle of $60^{\circ}$, before increasing to the maximum at the ligament angle of $120^{\circ}$, while the elastic modulus is not obviously related to the ligament angle. The shear coalescence type easily occurred when ${\alpha}$ < ${\beta}$, although having the same degree difference between the angle of ligament and fissure. Numerical simulations using $PFC^{2D}$ were performed for flawed specimens under uniaxial compression, and the results are in good consistency with the experimental results. By analyzing the crack evolution process and parallel bond force field of rock-like material specimen containing two non-coplanar filled fissures, we can conclude that the coalescence and propagation of crack are mainly derived from parallel bond force, and the crack initiation and propagation also affect the distribution of parallel bond force. Finally, the displacement vectors in ligament region were used to identify the type of coalescence, and the results coincided with that obtained by analyzing parallel bond force field. These experimental and numerical results are expected to improve the understanding of the mechanism of flawed rock engineering structures.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.99-109
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• 2021

Experimental and discrete element methods were used to investigate the effects of echelon non-persistent joint on the failure behaviour of joint's bridge area under uniaxial compressive test. Concrete samples with dimension of 150 mm×100 mm×50 mm were prepared. Uniaxial compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete were 14 MPa and 1MPa, respectivly. Within the specimen, three echelon non-persistent notches were provided. These joints were distributed on the three diagonal plane. the angle of diagonal plane related to horizontal axis were 15°, 30° and 45°. The angle of joints related to diagonal plane were 30°, 45°, 60°. Totally, 9 different configuration systems were prepared for non-persistent joint. In these configurations, the length of joints were taken as 2 cm. Similar to those for joints configuration systems in the experimental tests, 9 models with different echelon non-persistent joint were prepared in numerical model. The axial load was applied to the model by rate of 0.05 mm/min. the results show that the failure process was mostly governed by both of the non-persistent joint angle and diagonal plane angle. The compressive strengths of the specimens were related to the fracture pattern and failure mechanism of the discontinuities. It was shown that the shear behaviour of discontinuities is related to the number of the induced tensile cracks which are increased by increasing the joint angle. The strength of samples increase by increasing both of the joint angle and diagonal plane angle. The failure pattern and failure strength are similar in both methods i.e. the experimental testing and the numerical simulation methods.

• 지구물리
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.127-138
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• 2000

시멘트 모르타르 재료에 대한 동탄성계수와 정탄성계수의 차이를 고찰하고자 일곱 단계의 물시멘트 혼합비에 대해 다양한 길이의 시료를 제작, 시험하였다. 이들 시료의 동탄성계수 및 정탄성계수는 비중 측정, 초음파 전파 속도 측정 및 일축 압축 시험을 통해 결정되었으며, 시료에 대해 측정된 P파 및 S파 속도 분석은 기존의 아날로그 방식이 아닌 디지털 방식을 통해 수행되었다. 일련의 자료 처리 과정을 지친 디지털 방식 자료는, 초음파 전파 속도를 정밀하게 분석하는데 결정적인 역할을 할 수 있음이 확인되었으며, 복수 시료를 이용한 거리 변화에 따른 파의 지연 시간 변화를 이용한 속도 산정 방식이, 단일 시료 길이와 전파 시간을 이용한 기존 속도 산정 방식보다 더욱 정밀한 값을 보여주는 것으로 판명되었다. 밀도는 시료의 P파 및 5파 속도와 뚜렷한 양의 상관성을 보여주며, 일축 압축 강도 역시, 밀도와 뚜렷한 양의 상관성을 보여준다. 초음파 전파 속도를 통해 측정된 동탄성계수$(E_D)$와 일축 압축 시험을 통해 측정된 정탄성계수$(E_S)$의 비율$(E_D/E_S)$은 시료의 강도가 커질수록 함께 커지는 경향을 보여주었으며, 모든 시료에 대해 항상 동탄성계수가 정탄성계수보다 높게 평가됨이 확인되었다. 그러나 동포아송비$({\nu}_D)$와 정포아송비$({\nu}_S)$의 비율$({\nu}_D/{\nu}_S)$은 강도와 특별한 상관성을 보여주지 않았으며, 그 비율도 $69{\sim}122\;%$정도로 동포아송비와 정포아송비가 큰 차이를 보이지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.303-310
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• 2000

This study is conducted in order to find more improved solidifying effects than the former converter slag solidification technology. The converter slag is used as a solidifying agent, and the quick lime and the gypsum are used as solidifying aids. Several tests are performed for the purpose of investigating the solidifying effects and the applicability of the solidified sludge as a daily or intermediate landfill cover. The unconfined uniaxial compressive strength, pH and leaching of heavy metal are investigated. In the case of using both quick lime and gypsum as solidifying aids, the compressive strength of specimen has significantly increased that of specimen which used quick lime only. The compressive strength of each specimen cured for 7 days which is mixed with quick lime and gypsum as mixing ratios 7:1, 5:1 and 3:1 are $0.59kg/cm^2$, $1.18kg/cm^2$, and $1.25kg/cm^2$, respectively. The results of all the leaching tests of specimen cured for 7 days show that the concentrations of leachate heavy metals(Cu, Pb, Cd and $Cr^{6+}$) are lower than the Korea toxic waste criteria. The microstructure analysis by SEM shows that needlelike crystals appear as the solidification proceed. The analysis of these crystals by EDS confirms that these main components are Ca. Si etc. Also, XRD analysis shows that the main solidification products are CSH and Ettringite; in addition, $Ca(OH)_2$ CAH are observed. When the added gypsum is used as a solidifying aid, more improved solidifying effects are obtained and the solidified sludge may be appropriately used as a daily or intermediate landfill cover.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.321-333
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• 2018

Flat-slabs, being a significant structural component, not only reduce the dead load of the structure but also reduce the amount of concrete required for construction. Moreover the use of recycled aggregates lowers the impact of large scale construction to nearby ecosystems. Recycled aggregate based concrete being a quasi-brittle material shows enormous cracking during failure. Crack growth in flat-slabs is mostly in sliding mode (Mode II). Therefore sufficient sections need to be provided for resistance against such failure modes. The main objective of the paper is to numerically determine the ultimate load carrying capacity of two self-similar flat-slab specimens and validate the results experimentally for the natural aggregate as well as recycled aggregate based concrete. Punching shear experiments are carried out on circular flat-slab specimen on a rigid circular knife-edge support built out of both normal (NAC) and recycled aggregate concrete (RAC, with full replacement). Uniaxial compression and bending tests have been conducted on cubes, cylinders and prisms using both types of concrete (NAC and RAC) for its material characterization and use in the numerical scheme. The numerical simulations have been conducted in ABAQUS (a known finite element software package). Eight noded solid elements have been used to model the flat slab and material properties have been considered from experimental tests. The inbuilt Concrete Damaged Plasticity model of ABAQUS has been used to monitor crack propagation in the specimen during numerical simulations.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2005년도 제24회 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.134-138
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• 2005

재생냉각형 액체로켓 연소기 챔버의 냉각 채널부의 상온상태의 구조설계와 검증시험을 수행하였다. 재생냉각 연소기 냉각 채널부에 사용하는 크롬동 합금의 상온 인장시험을 수행하여 재료의 탄소성 물성치를 확보하였으며 냉각 채널의 탄소성해석은 이 물성치를 이용하여 수행하였다. 해석결과의 검증을 위해서 평판형태의 냉각채널 시편을 제작하여 강도시험을 수행하였다. 탄소성 구조해석과 결과와 시편의 수압시험 데이터를 비교한 결과 구조해석과 시험이 약간의 차이는 있지만 비교적 잘 일치하였으며 채널의 단면 두께가 작기 때문에 제작상의 가공오차가 채널의 구조적인 안정성에 큰 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제28권10호
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• pp.810-818
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• 1991

Fracture responses of Al2O3 tubes were investigated for various loading paths under combined tension/torsion. The fracture criterion did not depend on loading paths. Fracture angles agreed well with the maximum tensile stress criterion. As the loading condition approaches a shear dominant state, the tensile principal stress at fracture increases compared to the uniaxial fracture strength. By using the Weibull modulus obtained from tension and torsion tests, the Weibull statistical fracture strengths were compared with experimental data. This comparison suggests that fracture may occur at the surface of the specimen when tensile stress is dominant, but within the volume of the specimen when shear stress is dominant. The Weibull fracture strength increased as the loading conition approached a shear dominant state, but underestimated compared to experimental data. Finally, a new fracture criterion was proposed by including the effect of compressive principal stress. The proposed criterion agreed well with experimental data of Al2O3 tubes not only at combined tension/torsion but also at balanced biaxial tension.