• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• 제27권3E호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2008

Measurements of bubble size and distribution in the surface layer of the sea, wind speed, and variation of ocean environments were made continually over a four-day period in an experiment conducted in the South Sea of Korea during 17-20 September 2007. Theoretical background of bubble population model indicates that bubble population is a function of the depth, range and wind speed and bubble effects on sound speed shows that sound speed varies with frequency. Observational evidence exhibited that the middle size bubble population fit the model very well, however, smaller ones can not follow the model probably due to their short lifetime. Meanwhile, there is also a hysteresis effect of void fraction. Observational evidence also indicates that strong changes in sound speed are produced by the presence of swarms of micro bubbles especially from 7 kHz to 50 kHz, and calculation results are consistent with the measured data in the high frequency band, but inconsistent in the low frequency band. Based on the measurements of the sound speed and high frequency transmission configuration in the bubble layer, we present an estimation of underwater acoustic channel capacity in the bubble layer.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.399-406
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• 2014

Underwater acoustic materials are installed in order to reduce reflection, transmission and radiation of an underwater structure. The acoustic performance of the materials should be evaluated in accurately-controlled environment in terms of temperature and static pressure. In this paper, two pulse tubes, which are equipped with temperature and pressure controllers, are designed and developed to evaluate echo reduction(ER) and transmission loss(TL) of underwater acoustic materials. The procedures of the evaluation are suggested and the validation is carried out by comparing theoretical values to experimental results for a simple stainless steel specimen and free surface. In result, it is validated that developed pulse tubes are able to measure ER and TL with 2 dB tolerance.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제24권8호
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• pp.454-461
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• 2005

수중음향채널의 다중경로에 의한 수신신호의 지연확산은 ISI (Inter-Symbol Interference)를 유발하여 수중음향 통신시스템의 성능을 저하시킨다. 본 연구에서 적용하는 수동 페이저 컨쥬게이션 기법은 신호대 다중경로 간섭 신호비를 크게 하여 다중경로에 의한 주파수 선택성을 경감시켜 ISI를 줄이는 다이버시티 통신기법이다. 신호 대 다중경로 간섭신호비의 개선과 이에 따른 주파수 선택성은 수동 페이저 컨쥬게이션에 적용하는 수신기 배열의 배열 센서 개수, 송수신기의 상대운동에 의해 좌우되며, 따라서 비트 오류특성이 결정된다. 본 연구에서는 이들의 특성을 수치모의 실험으로 해석하였다.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.686-689
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• 2014

This paper studies energy-efficiency (EE) power allocation for cognitive radio MIMO-OFDM systems. Our aim is to minimize energy efficiency, measured by "Joule per bit" metric, while maintaining the minimal rate requirement of a secondary user under a total power constraint and mutual interference power constraints. However, since the formulated EE problem in this paper is non-convex, it is difficult to solve directly in general. To make it solvable, firstly we transform the original problem into an equivalent convex optimization problem via fractional programming. Then, the equivalent convex optimization problem is solved by a sequential quadratic programming algorithm. Finally, a new iterative energy-efficiency power allocation algorithm is presented. Numerical results show that the proposed method can obtain better EE performance than the maximizing capacity algorithm.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.84-96
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• 2001

Test data for a naval vessel is massive, expensive and impossible to be retested in a underwater acoustic measurement on the same condition. So, it is very important. In this paper, I mention massive underwater acoustic multimedia database system that was developed to store a long time, manage systematically, supply raw data and analyze data to user in 2-tier structure. Also, I propose 3-tier structure to extend the current database system that can supply multimedia data.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2007년도 하계종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.421-422
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• 2007

In underwater, acoustic waves are used for telecommunication. The communication channels are very complicated, because of the distribution of temperature in depth, reflections from boundaries like as the surface of water and the bottom. We report the constitution of the underwater acoustic channel using the simulation of the Transmission Line Matrix Modeling and cross-correlations from the input and output signals.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.227-234
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• 2022

은밀 수중 통신은 수중에서 신호를 전송할 때 다른 대상이 감지하지 못하도록 보내는 통신 방법이다. 수중에서 정보를 은밀하게 보내는 방법은 Radio Frequency(RF)에서 사용되는 방법과 유사하게 Low Probability of Detection(LPD)와 Low Probability of Intercept(LPI)의 특성을 고려하여 설계된다. 그러나 수중에서 음향을 이용하여 통신하는 경우 협소한 주파수 대역폭으로 인해 은밀성을 확보하기 어렵다. 기존의 신호 전송 전력을 낮추거나 변조 대역폭을 늘리는 방법과는 다르게 수중 포유류의 음향 신호를 모방하여 신호를 보내는 방법이 연구되고 있다. 생체모방 은밀 수중향통신은 주로 돌고래나 고래가 발생시키는 클릭음이나 휘슬음을 모방한다. 본 논문은 이러한 생체모방 은밀 수중음향통신의 발전 가능성과 향후 필요한 연구 분야를 파악하기 위해 생체모방 통신 기술들을 조사하고 이에 따른 연구 동향을 소개한다.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2014년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.603-608
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• 2014

Underwater acoustic materials are installed in order to reduce reflection, transmission and radiation of an underwater structure. The acoustic performance of the materials should be evaluated in accurately-controlled environment in terms of temperature and static pressure. In this paper, three pulse tubes, which is equipped with temperature and pressure controllers, are designed and developed to evaluate echo reduction and transmission loss for evaluating the performance below 10 kHz and 30kHz, respectively. The new procedures of the evaluation are suggested to improve the accuracy and the validation for the developed pulse tubes is carried out by comparing theoretical values to experimental ones.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• 제27권3E호
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• pp.104-111
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• 2008

Recently, a method for robust time reversal focusing has been introduced to extend the period of stable focusing in time-dependent ocean environments [S. Kim et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 114, 145-157, (2003)]. In this study, concept of focal-size broadening based on waveguide invariant theory in an ocean time reversal acoustics is described. It is achieved by imposing the multiple location constraints. The signal vector used in multiple location constraints are found from the theory on waveguide invariant for frequency band corresponding the extended focal range. The broadening of foci in an ocean waveguide can play an important role in the application of time reversal processing, particularly to the underwater acoustic communication with moving vehicles. The proposed method is demonstrated in the context of the underwater acoustic communication from the transmit/receive array (TRA) to a slowly moving vehicle.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2004년도 ICEIC The International Conference on Electronics Informations and Communications
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• pp.110-113
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• 2004

Underwater acoustic(UWA) communication is one of the most difficult field because of several factors such as multipath propagation, high temporal and spatial variability of channel conditions. Therefore, it is important to model and analyze the characteristics of underwater acoustic channel such as multipath propagation, transmission loss, reverberation, and ambient noise. In this paper, UWA communication channel is modeled with a ray tracing method and applied to image transmission. Quadrature phase shift keying(QPSK) and multichannel decision feedback equalizer(DFE) are utilized as phase-coherent modulation method and equalization technique, respectively. The objective is to improve the performance of vertical sensor array than that of single sensor in the viewpoint of bit error rate(BER), constellation output, and received image quality.