• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.17-35
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• 2011

The collective intelligence is a common-based production by the collaboration and competition of many peer individuals. In other words, it is the aggregation of individual intelligence to lead the wisdom of crowd. Recently, the utilization of the collective intelligence has become one of the emerging research areas, since it has been adopted as an important principle of web 2.0 to aim openness, sharing and participation. This paper introduces an approach to seek the collective intelligence by cognition of the relation and interaction among individual participants. It describes a methodology well-suited to evaluate individual intelligence in information retrieval and classification as an application field. The research investigates how to derive and represent such cognitive intelligence from individuals through the application of fuzzy relational theory to personal construct theory and knowledge grid technique. Crucial to this research is to implement formally and process interpretatively the cognitive knowledge of participants who makes the mutual relation and social interaction. What is needed is a technique to analyze cognitive intelligence structure in the form of Hasse diagram, which is an instantiation of this perceptive intelligence of human beings. The search for the collective intelligence requires a theory of similarity to deal with underlying problems; clustering of social subgroups of individuals through identification of individual intelligence and commonality among intelligence and then elicitation of collective intelligence to aggregate the congruence or sharing of all the participants of the entire group. Unlike standard approaches to similarity based on statistical techniques, the method presented employs a theory of fuzzy relational products with the related computational procedures to cover issues of similarity and dissimilarity.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.389-405
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• 2001

In these days, we have increasing demands on the real-time services, especially for the multimedia data transmission in both of wired and wireless environments and thus efficient and stable ways of transmitting realtime data are needs. Although RTP is widely used for internet-based realtime applications, it cannot avoid packet losses, due to the use of UDP stack and its underlying layers. In the case of mobile computing applications, the packet losses are more frequent and consecutive because of the limited bandwidth. In this paper, we first statistically analyze the characteristics of packet losses in the wired and wireless communications, based on Gilbert model, and a new packet recovery scheme for realtime data transmission is presented. To reflect the transmission characteristics of the present network environment, our scheme makes the sender to dynamically adjust the amount of redundant information, using the current packet loss characteristic parameters reported by the receiver. Additionally, we use relatively large and discontinuous offset values, which enables us to recover from both of the random and consecutive packet losses. Due to these characteristics, our scheme is suitable for the mobile computing environment where packet loss rates are relatively high and varies rapidly in a wide range. Since our scheme is based on the analytic model form statistics, it can also be used for other network environments. We have implemented the scheme with Mobile IP and RTP/RTCP protocols to experimentally verify its efficiency.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.107-118
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• 2012

This paper investigated habitual drunk drivers' characteristics by grouping them by the number of DUI records, and customized countermeasures for each group. Theoretical models to accommodate underlying causes for drunk driving, which adopted the form of a path analysis, were developed based on psychological variables. According to the psychological paths to drunk driving, each group showed different defense mechanisms and different senses of guilty, shame and embarrassment. This provided a rationale for differentiating countermeasures for each group. Habitual drunk drivers were found to have a strong propensity of self-justification due to their defense mechanism. Thereby, it would be useless to simply discourage them from drinking and driving. Rather, more active measures such as locking devices, invalidation of driver license, and group counseling should be taken to stop habitual drunk driving. Furthermore, since habitual drunk drivers showed high projection propensity, it is necessary to force them to participate in a sensibility training program, which might entail the amendment of related laws or regulations.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.7-7
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• 2001

The increasing interest in light weight materials coupled to the need for cost -effective processing have combined to create a significant opportunity for aluminum P/M. particularly in the automotive industry in order to reduce fuel emissions and improve fuel economy at affordable prices. Additional potential markets for Al PIM parts include hand tools. Where moving parts against gravity represents a challenge; and office machinery, where reciprocating forces are important. Aluminum PIM adds light weight, high compressibility. low sintering temperatures. easy machinability and good corrosion resistance to all advantages of conventional iron bm;ed P/rv1. Current commercial alloys are pre-mixed of either the AI-Si-Mg or AL-Cu-Mg-Si type and contain 1.5% ethylene bis-stearamide as an internal lubricant. The powder is compacted in closed dies at pressure of 200-500Mpa and sintered in nitrogen at temperatures between $580~630^{\circ}C$ in continuous muffle furnace. For some applications no further processing is required. although most applications require one or more secondary operations such as sizing and finishing. These sccondary operations improve the dimension. properties or appearance of the finished part. Aluminum is often considered difficult to sinter because of the presence of a stable surface oxide film. Removal of the oxide in iron and copper based is usually achieved through the use of reducing atmospheres. such as hydrogen or dissociated ammonia. In aluminum. this occurs in the solid st,lte through the partial reduction of the aluminum by magncsium to form spinel. This exposcs the underlying metal and facilitates sintering. It has recently been shown that < 0.2% Mg is all that is required. It is noteworthy that most aluminum pre-mixes contain at least 0.5% Mg. The sintering of aluminum alloys can be further enhanced by selective microalloying. Just 100ppm pf tin chnnges the liquid phase sintering kinetics of the 2xxx alloys to produce a tensile strength of 375Mpa. an increilse of nearly 20% over the unmodified alloy. The ductility is unnffected. A similar but different effect occurs by the addition of 100 ppm of Pb to 7xxx alloys. The lend changes the wetting characteristics of the sintering liquid which serves to increase the tensile strength to 440 Mpa. a 40% increase over unmodified aIloys. Current research is predominantly aimed at the development of metal matrix composites. which have a high specific modulus. good wear resistance and a tailorable coefficient of thermal expnnsion. By controlling particle clustering and by engineering the ceramic/matrix interface in order to enhance sintering. very attractive properties can be achicved in the ns-sintered state. I\t an ils-sintered density ilpproaching 99%. these new experimental alloys hnve a modulus of 130 Gpa and an ultimate tensile strength of 212 Mpa in the T4 temper. In contest. unreinforcecl aluminum has a modulus of just 70 Gpa.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.63-67
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• 2012

A 4-year-old girl with Panayiotopoulos syndrome presented with a history of 4 prolonged autonomic seizures. The clinical features of her seizures included, in order of occurrence, blank staring, pallor, vomiting, hemi-clonic movement on the right side, and unresponsiveness. A brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a slightly high $T_2$ signal in the left hippocampus. Interictal electoencephalogram revealed spikes in the occipital area of the left hemisphere. We analyzed the current-source distribution of the spikes to examine the relationship between the current source and the high $T_2$ signal. The current source of the occipital spikes was not only distributed in the occipital area of both cerebral hemispheres, but also extended to the posterior temporal area of the left hemisphere. These findings suggest that the left temporal lobe may be one of the hyperexcitable areas and form part of the epileptogenic area in this patient. We hypothesized that the high $T_2$ signal in the left hippocampus of our patient may not have been an incidental lesion, but instead may be related to the underlying electroclinical diagnosis of Panayiotopoulos syndrome, and particularly seizure. This notion is important because an abnormal $T_2$ signal in the hippocampus may represent an acute stage of hippocampal injury, although there is no previous report of hippocampal pathology in Panayiotopoulos syndrome. Therefore, long-term observation and serial follow-up MRIs may be needed to confirm the clinical significance of the $T_2$ signal change in the hippocampus of this patient.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.17
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• pp.69-84
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• 2016

Yuso is the term for decorative tassels of a braided string which hangs a scroll painting. This study, drawing on extant research concerning the yuso made for Joseon period portrait scrolls of kings and meritorious retainers, focuses on the yuso created to hang literati portraits. Concretely, It examines yuso of seven portraits in the collection of the National Museum of Korea in order to characterize their appearance and determine their material composition. The study found that most of the yuso are sixteen-strand strings braided into a rounded cross-section(dongdahoe). The seven yuso, of which six are red and one indigo-blue, reflect the popular style associated with Joseon period literati portraits. The yuso for the portrait of Yun Geup(duksu 3503) is made from gilded paper. Analysis showed Fe particles present in a red pigment underlying the gold layer, suggesting the presence of red ochre(seokganju), an iron oxide mineral. The yuso of the portrait of Shin Im(duksu 4846) is used a paper which contains gold as well as traces of Pb, Hg and Ag. The paper in the yuso for the portrait of Yi Seongwon(bongwan 10122) mainly consisted of Ag, indicating silver paper having been used in its fabrication. The inner paper in the yuso of the portrait of Yi Seogu(sinsu 1065) is a leather combined with Ag, Fe, and Br, according to chemical analysis. The FTIR of the leather sample reveals that the spectrum in the fingerprint region is nearly identical to that of sheepskin, indicating the yuso was made from gold-coated sheepskin.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.49-53
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• 2018

Since various methods to form well-aligned nano-/micro- patterns are underlying technologies to fabricate next generation wearable electronic devices, many efforts have been made to realize finer patterns in recent years. Among lots of patterning methods, the present invention includes a nano-transfer printing (n-TP) process which is advantageous in that a processing cost is low and high-resolution patterns can be formed within a short processing time. We successfully achieved pattern formation of highly ordered Pt lines with line-width of 250 nm, 500 nm, and $1{\mu}m$ on transparent and flexible substrates. In addition, we analyzed the durability of the patterns, showing excellent stability of line-shape even after a physical and repeated bending test of 500 times using a bending machine. As a result, it is expected that a n-TP process is very useful for forming various metal patterns, and it is also expected to be applied to wiring and interconnection technology of next generation flexible electronic devices.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.266-277
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• 1995

The adult brown planthopper possesses tow oval shaped compound eyes which, on their ventral borders, curve around the base of the antennae. Compound eye of the adult brown planthopper is recognised apposition eye which each ommatidium is optically isolated from it surroundings, the rhabdoms receiving light only from their own corneal lens. Each ommatidium possesses its own dioptric apparatus formed from the cuticular cornea and an underlying crystalline cone. The retinula cells lying immediately beneath the crystalline cone have their individual rhabdomeres tightly opposed to form one central, closed rhbdom. The rhabdom stretches from the spex of the crystalline cone nearly to the basement membrane and is approximately 110~120 $\mu\textrm{m}$ in length. The crystalline cone is surrounded by a pair of primary pigment cells an these in turn are surrounded by accessory pigment cells. Accessory pigment cells extend beyond the crystalline cone surrounding the retinular cells in the distal region of the eye. The crystalline cone is surrounded by the distal-most regions of the retinula cells show the presence of seven cells and sections taken proximally in the last quarter of the omatidium before the basement membrane is reached, reveal the presence of a small, eighth retinula cell which also contributes to the central rhabdom. Each ommatidium has a central rhabdom formed from the modified inner border of all of the retinula cells. Th rhabdom consists of micrvilli arising from the inner wall of each retinula cell. In cross section th microvilli exhibit a characteristic honeycomb appearance. Pigment cells comprise the primary pigment cells enveloping the crystalline cone, the accessory pigment cells extending from the inner surface of the comea to the basement membrane and the small pigment cells of the basement membrane.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.395-404
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• 1995

The geologic structure of the Cheju volcanic island has been investigated by analyzing the gravity and magnetic data. Bouguer gravity map shows apparent circular low anomalies at the central volacanic edifice, and the maximum difference of the anomaly values on the island appears to be 30 mgal. The subsurface structure of the island is modeled by three-dimensional depth inversion of gravity data by assuming the model consists of a stacked grid of rectangular prisms of volcanic rocks bounded below by basement rocks. The gravity modeling reveals that the interface between upper volvanic rocks and underlying basement warps downward under Mt. Halla with the maximum depth of 5 km. Magnetic data involve aeromagnetic and surface magnetic survey data. Both magnetic anomaly maps show characteristic features which resemble the typical pattern of total magnetic anomalies caused by a magnetic body magnetized in the direction of the geomagnetic field in the middle latitude region, though details of two maps are somewhat different. The reduced-to-pole magnetic anomaly maps reveal that main magnetic sources in the island are rift zones and the Halla volcanic edifice. The apparent magnetic boundaries inferred by the method of Cordell and Grauch (1985) are relatively well matched with known geologic boundaries such as that of Pyosunri basalt and Sihungri basalt which form the latest erupted masses. Inversion of aeromagnetic data was conducted with two variables: depth and susceptibility. The inversion results show high susceptibility bodies in rift zones along the long axis of the island, and at the central volcano. Depths to the basement are 1.5~3 km under the major axis, 1~1.5 km under the lava plateau and culminates at about 5 km under Mt. Halla. The prominent anomalies showing N-S trending appear in the eastern part of both gravity and magnetic maps. It is speculated that this trend may be associated with an undefined fault developed across the rift zones.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1041-1045
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• 2015

Background: Paget's disease (PD) is a rare form of intraepithelial adenocarcinoma that involves breast and extramammarian tissues. It is often associated with ductal carcinoma in situ and/or invasive ductal cancer. Molecular pathways that play a role in development of Paget's disease are stil unclear. Expression patterns of Cox-2 and bcl-2 were therefore assessed. Materials and Methods: Patients with a histopathological diagnosis of Paget's disease were included in this study. Patient files were analysed retrospectively. Results: Invasive cancer was diagnosed in 35 (76.1%) of the patients, 7 (15.2%) had ductal carcinoma in situ and 4 (8.7%) patients had no associated neoplasm. Twenty four (52.2%) patients showed COX-2 expression in Paget cells whereas no expression was seen in 22 (47.8%) patients. No relation was found between COX-2 expression and the lesion underlying Paget's disease (p=0.518). Bcl-2 expression in Paget cells was found positive in 12 (26.1%) and negative in 27 (58,7%) cases. There was no relation between Bcl-2 expression and the lesion accompanying Paget's disease (p=0.412). No relation was observed between COX-2 expression and Bcl-2 expression (p=0.389). Conclusions: In breast cancer, COX-2 expression is associated with poor prognostic factors. As COX-2 expression increases the tendency to metastasize also increases. In our study we found a significantly high COX-2 expression in Paget's disease of the breast. We suggest that COX-2 expression and inflammatory processes may play a role in pathogenesis of the Paget's disease of the breast.