• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.52-63
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• 2019

It is highly in demand to establish a bunker-type underground data center to ensure the safety of national critical data, such as financial information and medical information, and prevent those outflow of national important data. In particular, the security of a data center which is a key national structure has become a social issue due to EMP weapon and earthquakes, but data centers in the nation have not been able to deal with it properly. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an underground data center that is safe from human-induced and natural disasters while reducing power costs by utilizing the benefits of underground spaces such as constant temperature and isolation. In this analysis, the status and trends of data centers around the world were analyzed and based on those trend analyses, the research strategy for underground data center were discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.17-27
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• 2018

Sinkholes have occurred in various places around the world and concerns about public safety have been raised in recent years. Particularly, a ground subsidence may occur due to a variety of conditions when developing underground spaces. Ground subsidence refers to the sinking of the Earth's surface caused by the loss of the soil constituting ground due to a certain artificial cause in the ground. Ground subsidence is induced by artificial causes such as the leakage of water supply/sewage pipes and groundwater disturbance, and it is different from a sinkhole, where the sinking of the Earth's surface is induced by the cavity formed due to the melting of limestone in the ground with limestone bedrock. In recent underground development in the urban areas of Korea, damages to surrounding buildings have frequently led to many difficulties with civil complaints and compensation issues, and the collapse of some buildings has resulted in the loss of lives and property. Accordingly, the central government has legislated the Special Act on Underground Safety Management, which will take effect from January 1, 2018. This law specifies an underground safety management system for securing underground safety, under which underground safety impact assessment is performed for projects involving underground excavation work that exceeds a certain size, and safety inspection is regularly performed for underground facilities and the surrounding ground. In this study, the contents of the special act on underground safety management are reviewed, and the direction of development of underground safety policy for preparing preemptive underground safety management preparation and response system is suggested.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.221-235
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• 2020

The development and utilization of underground spaces are increasing as the use of land based on ground surface became limited due to rapid urbanization triggered by population growth and industrialization. Despite its merit of efficient use of limited land and space, it may contribute to occurrence of various disasters such as sinkholes and damage to underground facilities. After the sinkholes formed and occurred across the country in 2014, there has been an effort to establish Underground Space Integration Map containing 15 types of underground information. Still, there is an increasing demand to improve the quality of underground information stemmed from continuation of such events including the rupture of the hot water pipe in Goyang-si and the fire in the KT site in Ahyeon-dong, Seoul. Hereby, with the aim to improve the quality of Underground Space Integration Map, this study analyzes quality standards, regulations, and guidelines related to spatial data to improve quality inspection standards and methods included in the production rules for the Underground Space Integration Map. In particular, it suggests improvement plan for data quality management for pipe-type underground facilities, known as lifelines, which are essential part of daily life of the citizens, and the largest cause for accidents according to 15 types of underground information managed through the Underground Space Integration Map.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.39-49
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• 2022

Purpose: As part of these efforts, in-depth research is needed on efficient and practical utilization of underground spaces and underground shopping malls. In addition, efforts are being made to find effective alternatives to various problems currently occurring in underground shopping malls, but it is not easy. In addition, the development entity and the maintenance entity are different from each other, and the management is not unified, making it difficult to maintain underground shopping malls. From this point of view, it can be said that it is time to actively and specifically discuss ways to revitalize underground shopping malls. Data and methodology: In the domestic distribution environment, traditional markets and shops are stagnating due to rapid changes in consumption patterns, such as the spread of large companies with advanced distribution techniques such as hypermarkets, shopping malls, and SCM, the rapid increase in Internet and home shopping, and the importance of convenience for young consumers. In order to revitalize underground shopping malls, it is necessary to strengthen the organization and self-rescue efforts of merchants' associations, change consciousness through merchant education, change to specialized markets, find nuclear stores and representative restaurants, and support the hardware sector. Results: The connection of underground shopping malls in each region of the country, where commercial districts are separated from each other, will also play an important role in reviving the function of the city in the future. To do this, it is first necessary to connect underground shopping malls that have been cut off. In other words, connection between connectable underground shopping malls should be promoted. Of course, long-term projects should be promoted step by step, and many consultations should be made on how to connect with the ground for each local government. Conclusion: This is because in the future, the underground space cannot just be a walking place, but another space of the Korean Wave where you can experience satisfying the five senses. K-shopping Hallyu content can be created by creating a characteristic story for each underground shopping mall in the city, permanently this story-oriented event, and creating a safe and elegant environment. If there is a story, so-called "Senomi Shopping" will be possible. A new Korean Wave will be created that can satisfy "the fun of writing, the fun of seeing, and the fun of feeling" at the same time.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.13-26
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• 2023

Recently, as the development of underground spaces has become active due to rapid urbanization and population density, interest in the ground behavior according to the construction of underground spaces is increasing. In large cities with high population density and many buildings, ground subsidence has a great impact on structures and there may be a risk of collapse, so the analysis of ground behavior due to underground construction is essential. Previous studies have been conducted on the subsidence pattern of the surface and the deformation of the tunnel when constructing the tunnel, but analysis has rarely been conducted by using actual topographic information. Therefore, this study analyzed the difference in ground behavior between the actual topography and the flat topography. As a result, it was confirmed that ground settlement occurs at higher elevations, such as in mountainous topography, and when the numerical analysis is performed considering topographical information, the crown settlement of the tunnel is up to about approx. It showed a difference of 10 mm, and it was found that the sensitivity was less in the case of displacement of tunnel wall compared to the crown settlement and ground settlement. The numerical analysis considering the actual GIS-based topographic information presented in this study can be used to obtain more accurate surface subsidence data to understand the behavior of the upper structure due to tunnel excavation.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.297-307
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• 2017

There are many underground spaces available in an urban environment and they represent an important factor for efficient land use. Especially, underground shopping centers perform both physical and commercial functions at the same time and are frequently used as a means of achieving the revitalization of the city center. However, the underground shopping centers that were developed in the past sometimes led to recession due to their deterioration. This study was carried out for the purpose of proposing alternative methods for the (revitalization) of underground shopping centers. A survey was conducted on seven underground shopping centers in the Busan metropolitan area to understand the factors that determine their user satisfaction and future improvement. The survey data was analyzed using an ordered logit model. As a result of the analysis, service satisfaction, underground environment satisfaction and public facility satisfaction were selected as significant variables. It was concluded that it is necessary to take these factors into consideration, appropriately, when developing a new or renewing an existing underground shopping mall.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.5-20
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• 2021

With the available national spatial information that started from the sinkholes that occurred nationwide in 2014 and integrated 15 areas of underground information, the Underground Spatial Integrated Map has been continuously maintained since 2015. However, until recently, as disasters and accidents in underground spaces such as hot water pipes rupture, cable tunnel fires, and ground subsidence continue to occur, there is an increasing demand for quality improvement of underground information. Thus, this paper attempted to prepare a plan to improve the quality of the Underground Spatial Integrated Map data. In particular, among the 15 types of underground information managed through the Underground Spatial Integrated Map, quality validation improvement measures were proposed for underground facility (structure-type) data, which has the highest proportion of new constructions. To improve the current inspection methods that primarily rely on visual inspection, we elaborate on and subdivide the current quality inspection standards. Specifically, we present an approach for software-based automated inspection of databases, including graphics and attribute information, by adding three quality inspection items, namely, quality inspection methods, rules, and flow diagram, solvable error types, to the current four quality inspection items consisting of quality elements, sub-elements, detailed sub-elements, and quality inspection standards.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.173-183
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• 2020

In the midst of the aging of underground facilities in urban areas and anxiety about road excavation safety accidents, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport began to build Underground Geospatial Infomation Map from 2015 as part of the 「ground subsidence prevention measures」 and efficient use of underground spaces. So, the scope is spreading every year. The current Underground Geospatial Infomation Map information is web-based and is operated in a desktop environment, so it is true that there are some limitations in its use in a field environment such as an excavation construction site. The Underground Geospatial Infomation Map, built and operated in a web-based environment, is a large-scale 3D data. Therefore, in order to service by transmitting data to the field without delay, it is necessary to lighten the Underground Geospatial Infomation Map data. In addition, the current Underground Geospatial Infomation Map is not unified in data formats such as 3DS and COLLADA, and the coordinate system method is also different in relative coordinates and absolute coordinates. In this study, by analyzing domestic and overseas prior research and technical use cases, a mobile Underground Geospatial Infomation Map data format and a lightweight method were presented, and a technology development was conducted to create a mobile underground space integration map in the presented format. In addition, the weight reduction rate was tested by applying 3D data compression technology so that data can be transmitted quickly in the field, and technology was developed that can be used by decompressing 3D data compressed in the field. finally, it aims to supplement the technology experimentally developed in this study and conduct additional research to produce it as software that can be used in the excavation site and use it.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.497-505
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• 2021

Due to recent underground space accidents, are a frequent occurence in Korea, the government established the basic plan for the construction of the IUGIM (Integrated Underground Geospatial Information Map) in 2015 as a measure for safety management of underground spaces. The development of IUGIM was partially completed as of 2021. The underground space management entity and related organizations are utilizing it. This study is being carried out as part of a plan to improve the usability of IUGIM, and to build a visualization system that compares real-time field data with stored data. A system, equipped with a visualization function for borehole data and 6 types of underground facilities built and managed on IUGIM; a tool capable of comparative analysis with real-time data measured in the field, is being built. The 6 types of underground facilities are water supply pipe, sewage pipe, power pipe, gas pipe, communication pipe, and heating pipe. The completed system was demonstrated at three locations in Seocho-gu, Gangnam-gu in Seoul. The field demonstration was carried out by accessing the mobile center and downloading IUGIM data, visualizing IUGIM data (surface creation, borehole information, underground facilities), and visualizing the GPR(Ground Penetrating Radar)-based data acquired at the field. As a result of the empirical results of IUGIM data and GPR-based field data, it was judged to be suitable. As a result of this study, it is judged that it can be helpful for safe construction at the excavation site.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.287-294
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• 2002

CAES which is called as a compressed air energy storage was firstly developed at Huntorf, German in 1978. The capacity of that system was 290MW, and it can be treated as a first commercial power plant. CAES has a lot of merits, such as saving the unit price of power generation, averaging the peak demand, improvement of maintenance, enlarging the benefit of dynamic use. According to the literature survey, the unlined rock cavern should be proposed to be a reasonable storing style as a method of compressed air storage in Korea. We decided the hill of the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources as CAES site. If we construct the underground spaces in this site, the demand for electricity nearby Taejon should be considered. So we could determine the capacity of the power plant as a 350MW, This capacity needs a underground space of 200,000㎥, and we can conclude 4 parallel tunnels 550m deep from the surface through the numerical studies, Design parameters were achieved from 300m depth boring job and image processing job.