• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.234-238
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• 2000

The cleavage products formed by autoxidation of phytofluene were evaluated in order to elucidate possible oxidation products of phytofluene under oxidative conditions. Phytofluene solubilized at 50$\mu$M in liposomal suspension was oxidized by incubating at 37$^{\circ}C$ for 72 h. Among a number of oxidation products formed, five products in the carbonyl compound fraction were identified as 6, 10, 14-trimethylpentadeca-3,5,9,13-tetraen-2-one, phytapentaenal, 5,9,13,17-tetramethyloctadeca-2,4,6,8,12,16-hexaenal, 5,9,13,17-tetramethyloctadeca-2,4,8,12,16-pentaenal, 2,7,11,15,19-pentamethylicosa-2,4,6,10,14,18-hexaenal and 4,9,13,17,21-pentamethyldocosa-2,4,6,8,12,16,20-heptaenal. These correspond to a series of products formed by cleavage in the respective eight conjugated double bonds of phytofluene. Also, 4,5-didehydorgeranyl geranoic acid was formed by autoxidation of phytofluene in liposomal suspension. The pig liver homogenate had the ability to convert phytapentaenal to 4,5-didehydrogeranyl geranoic acid, comparable to the conversion of all-trans-retinal to all-trans-retinoic acid. These results suggest that phytofluene is cleaved to a series of long-chain and short-chain carbonyl compounds under the oxidative condition in vitro and that phytapentaenal is further enzymatically converted to 4,5-didehydrogeranyl geranoic acid.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.179-183
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• 2002

Lycopene as a natural antioxidant may provide protection against a broad range of epithelial cancers and chronic diseases. Lycopene concentrate extracted from tomatoes can be used as functional food. Lycopene would undergo degradation via isomerization and oxidation under different processing conditions, which impact its bioactivity and reduce the fuuctionality for health benefits. Heat and light induce lycopene oxidation and isomerization of all-trans form to cis form. The effects of thermal treatment and light irradiation on the stability of lycopene were determined. Results have shown that lycopene stability depends on the extent of oxidation and isomerization. Cir-isomers are less stable than trans-isomers. The level of cis-isomers increased as treatment time increased but only for a short period during the beginning of the treatment. The major effect of thermal treatment and light irradiation was a significant decrease in the total lycopene content. A true assessment of health benefits of lycopene concentrate depends on the lycopene content and the composition of all trans-isomers and cia-isomers.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.568-574
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• 2000

Phytofluene를 dichloromethane에 용해하고 dry ice 상에서 ozonolysis를 행하였다. Ozonolysis에 의해 생성된 화합물은 silica gel chromatography를 행 하여 분획하고, photodiode array detector를 이용하여 ODS-HPLC로 분석하였다. Phytofluene을 5% Tween 40 수용액에 용해하고 37$^{\circ}C$, 24시간 자동산화시킨 결과, 다수의 carbonyl 및 acidic 화합물의 생성되었다. Phytofluene의 자동산화로부터 생성된 carbonyl 화 합물의 대부분은 ozonolysis에 얻어진 산화개열산물이 나타내는 HPLC상의 거동과 분광학적 특성이 서로 잘 일치하였다. 또한 phytofluene의 자동산화에 의해 생성된 중앙개열 acidic 화합물은 생성활성을 나타내는 4,5-didehydrogeranyl geranyl acid 표준품과 동일한 분광학 적 특성을 나타냈다. 이러한 결과는 in vitro 상의 산화적 조건하에서 phytofluene의 자동산 화에 의해 eccentric cleavage가 생성됨을 알 수 있었다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.47-54
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• 2014

The present study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant defense system of cinnamaldehyde in normal, diabetic rats and its possible protection of pancreatic ${\beta}$-cells against its gradual loss under diabetic conditions. In vitro free radical scavenging effect of cinnamaldehyde was determined using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-dipicrylhydrazyl), superoxide radical, and nitric oxide radical. Streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats were orally administered with cinnamaldehyde at concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight for 45 days. At the end of the experiment, the levels of plasma lipid peroxides and antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, ceruloplasmin, catalase, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase were determined. A significant increase in the levels of plasma glucose, vitamin E, ceruloplasmin, and lipid peroxides and significant decrease in the levels of plasma insulin and reduced glutathione were observed in the diabetic rats. Also the activities of pancreatic antioxidant enzymes were altered in the STZ-induced diabetic rats. The altered enzyme activities were reverted to near-normal levels after treatment with cinnamaldehyde and glibenclamide. Histopathological studies also revealed a protective effect of cinnamaldehyde on pancreatic ${\beta}$-cells. Cinnamaldehyde enhances the antioxidant defense against reactive oxygen species produced under hyperglycemic conditions and thus protects pancreatic ${\beta}$-cells against their loss and exhibits antidiabetic properties.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2003

Fat and sugar reduced yellow layer cake system was developed with varied replacement level of 30%, 60%, and 90% for AD(amylodextrin) and 10%, 30%, and 50% for PD(polydextrose). Physicochemical and sensory characteristics were investigated and optimum replacement level was also decided using response surface methodology. Sample groups of PD10AD30 had significantly the lowest specific gravity and viscosity, indicating the stable batter system with high air incorporation. Sample groups with PD10AD90 showed the highest volume index and were not significantly different from those of the PD10AD30. Sensory results indicated that PD30AD30 were significantly the most springy and moist, and the least hard of all sample groups. Sample groups with PD10AD90 had the least adhesiveness value. To establish the optimum substitution level using RSM, the restriction level was set up as moistness over five point, hardness under five points, and adhesiveness under four points. The optimum substitution level was 20% for PD and 88% for AD.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.555-564
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• 1990

과실쥬스와 같은 자연 생산물의 동결건조에 있어서 가공처리중 휘발성분의 보유력 변화를 알아보기 위하여 headspace gas chromatography 기술의 특징을 이용하여 동결건조 속도, 초기 고형물의 함량 및 압력 등이 어떠한 영향을 미치는가에 대한 실험결과는 다음과 같다. 동결건조 속도가 휘발성분의 보유력에 대한 영향은 현저하였으며, 동결시간이 길수록 뚜렷하였다. 동결 건조 제품에서 휘발성분의 보유력은 동결에 의해 영향을 받았다. 동결건조 조건하에서 가장 많은 휘발성분의 손실은 동결건조 초기단계, 즉 1~2 시간 사이에서 일어났다. 휘발성분의 보유력은 초기 고형물의 함량이 많을수록 높았다. 동결속도가 빠를 때보다는 늦을 때가 휘발성분의 보유력이 높았으며 높은 압력에서보다 낮은 압력에서 높았다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.259-266
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• 2007

It has been proposed that the mode of action of nisin against vegetative cells and spores of Clostridium botulinum is different. However, clear explanation is not available. Therefore, nisin action against vegetative cells and spores of C. botulinum was investigated in this study. Nisin was added at various stages of spore-to-vegetative cell transition and changes to sensitivity to the bacteriocin were observed. Different nisin preparation (Nisaplin or pure nisin) was compared for their activity against different stages of spore transformation of C. botulinum ATCC 25763. Germination was measured by determining loss of heat resistance and observing phase darkening of spores under phase-contrast microscope. Nisin acted bactericidally against vegetative cells, but acted sporostatically against spores of C. botulinum under the same concentration. This bactericidal and sporostatic action of nisin was dependent on the concentration of nisin used. Presence of nisin during spore activation by heat increased subsequent phase darkening and germination rates. However, nisin inhibited the germination and the outgrowth, when it was added after heat activation stage. Findings from this study suggest that the time of addition of nisin is very important for the effective control of spores during the heating process of foods. In addition, it may be possible to apply nisin at the stage of processing that coincides with the most sensitive stage of spore transformation.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.225-231
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• 1994

As the way of mass process of red pepper, extraction of oleoresin, which is labile during distribtuion and long-term storage, is alternative way to minimize markdown of red pepper quality. Changes of carotenoid pigments in modified oleoresin during cooking at high temperature were investigated. Dried red peperwas milled to 100 mesh of size particle and oily compounds were extracted by reduced pressure steam distillation. The rest part was reetracted and concentrated. The extracts were combined . The same volume of water and 4 % of polyglycerol condensed ricinoleate (PGDR) were added to the combined extract, and emulsified to make oleroesin. Capsanthin among dried red pepper, was the most abundant carotenoid (97.80mg%) followed by $\beta$ -cartoene, cryptoxanghin ,violaxanthin, crypotocapsin, and capsorubin. Oleoresin is acquiesce in the same order of raw red pepper. Transmittal of color components from raw red pepper to oleroresin was over 85% in cryptoxanthin, crytocapsin, and $\beta$ -carotene, over 70% in capsolutein and hydroxycapsolutein, and under 50% in antheraxanthin and mutatoxanthi Crytocapsin cryptoxanthin, an capsorubin in oleoresin red pepper were remained 72.1, 51.8 and 25.25, respectively, after cooking for 5hours at10$0^{\circ}C$. Color compounds were unsteady by cooking , About 90% of color compounds were destroyed by 3 hours cooking at 15$0^{\circ}C$. But, they were more thermostable under nitrogen circumstance than air one.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.717-722
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• 2011

In this study, we investigated the antioxidant activity of hesperidin and hesperetin, which are the active compounds from Citrus junos, in the cellular system. Under cellular model of oxidative damage using LLC-$PK_1$ renal epithelial cell, the oxidative damage induced by 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) led to the loss of cell viability, while treatment of hesperidin and hesperetin increased significantly the cell viability as dose-dependent manner. In addition, NO-induced cellular oxidative damage by sodium nitroprusside were significantly recovered by the treatment of hesperidin and hesperetin, showing the increase of cell viability. But hesperidin and hesperetin showed no significant protective effect on $O_2{^-}$-induced cellular oxidative damage. The present study indicates that hesperidin and hesperetin protect against free radical, especially AAPH-induced peroxyl radical. In particular, hesperetin has stronger protective effect against oxidative stress than hesperidin.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.783-789
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• 2000

This study was focused on the optimal extracting conditions of dimethyl-$\beta$-propiothetin as bioactive substance from green seaweed. Identification and quantification of dimethyl-$\beta$-propiothetin were measured by headspace gas chromatography after conversion to dimethyl sulfide by treatment with saturated NaOH solution. Dimethyl-$\beta$-propiothetin was extracted through various processes (solvent extraction, ultrasonication, boiling and autoclaving) from Ulva pertusa. The content of dimethyl-$\beta$-propiothetin extracted by autoclaving treatment showed higher than that of various extraction methods. Dimethyl-$\beta$-propiothetin content in extract of Ulva pertusa was 325,800 ng/g after autoclaving 121$^{\circ}C$ for 45 min. Dimethyl-$\beta$-propiothetin in exract of Ulva pertusa was comparative stable under low temperature. The retentions of dimethyl-$\beta$-propiothetin content in extract of Ulva pertusa were 76.6~99.8% by incubation at 10~6$0^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. Chemical decomposition of dimethyl-$\beta$-propiothetin was observed under laboratory conditions at pH values higher than 9.5.