• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.249-255
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• 2010

Methods of the characteristics evaluation of turbo-molecular pumps (TMP) are well-defined in the international measurement standards such as ISO, PNEUROP, DIN, JIS, and AVS. The Vacuum Center in the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) has recently designed, constructed, and established the integrated characteristics evaluation system of TMPs based on the international documents by continuously pursuing and acquiring the reliable international credibility through measurement perfection. The measurement of TMP pumping speed is normally performed with the throughput and orifice methods dependent on the mass flow regions. However, in the UHV range of the molecular flow region, the high uncertainties of the gauges, mass flow rates, and conductance are too critical to precisely accumulate reliable data. In order to solve the uncertainty problems of pumping speeds in the UHV range, we introduced a SRG with 1% accuracy and a constant volume flow meter (CVFM) to measure the finite mass flow rates down to $10^{-1}$ Pa-L/s with 3% uncertainty for the throughput method. In this way we have performed the measurement of pumping speed down to $10^{-4}$ Pa with an uncertainty of less than 6% for a 1000 L/s TMP. In this article we suggest that the CVFM has an ability to measure the conductance of the orifice experimentally with flowing the known mass through the orifice chambers, so that we may overcome the discontinuity problem encountering during introducing two measurement methods in one pumping speed evaluation sequence.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.916-922
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• 2008

Structures being used in space environment, should be designed to have minimum CTE(coefficient of thermal expansion) for the dimensional stability. Accurate CTE data of the materials are required to design the space structures consisting of various materials. There are uncertainties in the characteristics of materials even though the same manufacturing processes are applied. Therefore, it is needed to measure the thermal deformation of not only the material specimen but also substructures in simulated space environment, such as high vacuum condition. In this research, therefore, precise CTE measurement system using displacement measuring interferometer and vacuum chamber has been designed with uncertainty analysis of the measurements. This system can be used to measure the CTE of the specimen or thermal expansion of the substructure with varying size up to 50cm in length. To measure the low CTE material, overall uncertainty of this system is expected under 0.01ppm/K.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.403-415
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• 1999

To properly assess air pollution levels, application of quality assurance and quality control(QA/QC) is believed to be an essential step. In order to cope with such scientific principle, a field study was designed with an aim of comparing: 1) the methods of calibration for airborne pollutants and 2) the protocols developed for their measurements. Measurements were made at Han Yang University, Seoul during 29 May through 1 June 1998 under the management of the Division of Measurements and Analysis(DMA) of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment(KOSAE). In this work, we report our results of intercomparative measurements on several gaseous criteria pollutants that were investigated mainly by the two institutes-Seoul National University(SNU) and the Korean Research Institute for Standards and Science(KRISS). Although measurements of major gaseous pollutants had been made routinely by many scientific institutes and organizations in Korea, most scientists involved in those studieswere obliged to do their experiments on the basis of their own procedural steps spaning from the preparation of gaseous standards to the methodological selections for the calibration. Hence, this campaign offered a unique opportunity to examine many important aspects on the measurements of these important gaseous pollutants. In the course of our study, we investigated the compatibility of data sets obtained by the two institutes in concert with reference data sets collected concurrently from a government-managed monitoring station. On the basis of our study, we conclude that different data sets made by different participants during this campaign agree well within the reasonable range of uncertainties.low, which indicated that during this period the potential acidity of precipitation was high but the neutralizing capacity was low. For Spring, pAi was very low but pH was slightly high. This was likely due to the large amount of $CaCO_3$ in the soil particles transported over a long range from the Chinese continent that were incorporated into the precipitation, and then neutralized the acidifying species with its high concentraton.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.74 no.2
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• pp.157-173
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• 2020

In the finite element modelling of long-span cable-stayed bridges, there are a lot of uncertainties brought about by the complex structural configuration, material behaviour, boundary conditions, structural connections, etc. In order to reduce the discrepancies between the theoretical finite element model and the actual static and dynamic behaviour, updating is indispensable after establishment of the finite element model to provide a reliable baseline version for further analysis. Traditional sensitivity-based updating methods cannot support updating based on static and dynamic measurement data at the same time. The finite element model is required in every optimization iteration which limits the efficiency greatly. A convenient but accurate Kriging surrogate model for updating of the finite element model of cable-stayed bridge is proposed. First, a simple cable-stayed bridge is used to verify the method and the updating results of Kriging model are compared with those using the response surface model. Results show that Kriging model has higher accuracy than the response surface model. Then the method is utilized to update the model of a long-span cable-stayed bridge in Hong Kong. The natural frequencies are extracted using various methods from the ambient data collected by the Wind and Structural Health Monitoring System installed on the bridge. The maximum deflection records at two specific locations in the load test form the updating objective function. Finally, the fatigue lives of the structure at two cross sections are calculated with the finite element models before and after updating considering the mean stress effect. Results are compared with those calculated from the strain gauge data for verification.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.387-396
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• 2023

The representative equipments currently used for weather observations are meteorological masters and wind lidars. According to international regulations, meteorological masters can be used for standalone measurements, but in case of wind lidars, it is mandatory to install a meteorological master that matches the height of the bottom of the wind turbine blade or a 40m meteorological masters and correct the measurement data. Turbulence flow occurs frequently at altitudes below 100m due to its nature, and wind lidars are more susceptible to the effects of turbulence than meteorological masters. However, while the turbulence intensity for meteorological masters is specified by international regulations, there is no separated specification for wind lidars. This study collected data measured under the same conditions using both meteorological masters and wind LiDARs, analyzed the uncertainties and turbulence intensity ratio. The analysis of the data showed that there were partial sections where the proportion of turbulent flow intensity exceeded 3%. Therefore, it is suggested to include a specification for the turbulence intensity error rate for wind LiDARs in the international regulations.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.289-297
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• 2010

Common practice of Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model validation is to use a single variable (i.e., streamlfow) to calibrate SWAT model due to the paucity of actual hydrological measurement data in Korea. This approach, however, often causes errors in the simulated results because of numerous sources of uncertainty and complexity of SWAT model. We employed multi-variables (i.e., streamflow, evapotranspiration, and soil moisture), which were measured at mixed forest in Seolmacheon catchment ($8.54\;km^2$), in order to assess the performance and reduce the uncertainties of SWAT model output. Meteorological and surface topographical data of the catchment were obtained as basic input variables and SWAT model was calibrated using daily data of streamflow (Jan. - Dec.), evapotranspiration (Sep. - Dec.), and soil moisture (Jun. - Dec.) collected in 2007. The model performance was assessed by comparing its results with the observation (i.e., streamflow of 2003 to 2008 and evapotranspiration and soil moisture of 2008). When the multi-variable measurements were used to calibrate the SWAT model, the model results showed better agreement with the measurements compared to those using a single variable measurement by showing increases in coefficient of determination ($R^2$) from 0.72 to 0.76 for streamflow, from 0.49 to 0.59 for soil moisture, and from 0.52 to 0.59 for evapotranspiration. The findings highlight the importance of reliable and accurate collective observation data for improving performance of SWAT model and promote its facilitation for estimating more realistic hydrological cycles at catchment scale.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.291-300
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• 2024

Uncertainty of the model, system delay and drive dynamics can be considered as normal uncertainties, and the main source of uncertainty in the seismic control system is related to the nature of the simulated seismic error. In this case, optimizing the management strategy for one particular seismic record will not yield the best results for another. In this article, we propose a framework for online management of active structural management systems with seismic uncertainty. For this purpose, the concept of reinforcement learning is used for online optimization of active crowd management software. The controller consists of a differential controller, an unplanned gain ratio, the gain of which is enhanced using an online reinforcement learning algorithm. In addition, the proposed controller includes a dynamic status forecaster to solve the delay problem. To evaluate the performance of the proposed controllers, thousands of ground motion data sets were processed and grouped according to their spectrum using fuzzy clustering techniques with spatial hazard estimation. Finally, the controller is implemented in a laboratory scale configuration and its operation is simulated on a vibration table using cluster location and some actual seismic data. The test results show that the proposed controller effectively withstands strong seismic interference with delay. The goals of this paper are towards access to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services, promotion of inclusive and sustainable urbanization and participation, implementation of sustainable and disaster-resilient buildings, sustainable human settlement planning and manage. Simulation results is believed to achieved in the near future by the ongoing development of AI and control theory.

• Journal of Coastal Disaster Prevention
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.111-120
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• 2019

In coastal morphological modelling, there are a number of input factors: wave height, water depth, sand particle size, bed friction coefficients, coastal structures and so forth. Measurements or estimates of these input data may include uncertainties due to errors by the measurement or hind-casting methods. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the uncertainty of each input data and the range of the uncertainty during the evaluation of numerical results. In this study, three uncertainty factors are considered with regard to the prediction of coastal erosion in Ilsan beach located in Ilsan-dong, Ulsan metropolitan city. Those are wave diffraction effect of XBeach model, wave input scenario and the specification of the coastal structure. For this purpose, the values of mean wave direction, significant wave height and the height of the submerged breakwater were adjusted respectively and the followed numerical results of morphological changes are analyzed. There were erosion dominant patterns as the wave direction is perpendicular to Ilsan beach, the higher significant wave height, and the lower height of the submerged breakwater. Furthermore, the rate of uncertainty impacts among mean wave direction, significant wave height and the height of the submerged breakwater are compared. In the study area, the uncertainty influence by the wave input scenario was the largest, followed by the height of the submerged breakwater and the mean wave direction.

• Journal of Environmental Analysis, Health and Toxicology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.229-236
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• 2018

In this study, inter-laboratory comparison was done using elemental analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometers (EA-IRMSs) to determine carbon and nitrogen contents as well as stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions (${\delta}^{13}C$ and ${\delta}^{15}N$) of five environmental samples containing lake and marine sediments, higher plant leaves, and fish muscle, and one organic analytical standard (Protein (Casein) Standard OAS). Five national laboratories participated in this comparison study, and each laboratory analyzed all five samples and the analytical standard. Results showed that variations in total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents as well as ${\delta}^{13}C_{TOC}$ and ${\delta}^{15}N_{TN}$ values among the laboratories were large compared to the analytical uncertainties. The results highlighted the inhomogeneity of the test samples and thus, the need to select suitable standard reference materials for future inter-laboratory studies. Further inter-laboratory comparison exercises could promote good measurement practices in the acquisition of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition data.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.257-264
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• 2014

This paper presents the core competencies diagnosis system which targeted our collegiate students in an attempt to induce the core competencies for reinforcing the learning and employment capabilities. Because these days data give rise to a high level of redundancy and dimensionality with time complexity, they are more likely to have spurious relationships, and even the weakest relationships will be highly significant by any statistical test. So as to address the measurement of uncertainties from the classification of categorical data and the implementation of its analytic system, an uncertainty measure of rough entropy and information entropy is defined so that similar behaviors analysis is carried out and the clustering ability is demonstrated in the comparison with the statistical approach. Because the acquired and necessary competencies of the collegiate is deduced by way of the results of the diagnosis, i.e. common core competencies and major core competencies, they facilitate not only the collegiate life and the employment capability reinforcement but also the revitalization of employment and the adjustment to college life.