• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.193-200
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• 1996

In eastern Asian region, cosmetic preparations containing the molecues possessing the whitening activity are promising. In this study, 100 plant extracts were screened in order to elucidate the whitening effects using in vitro tyrosinase assay and DOPA autooxidation. Several plant extracts such as Morus alba, Glycyrrhiza glabra showed the inhibitory activity (>50%) against mushroom tyrosinase at the concentration 333$mu extrm{m}$/ml. And plant extracts including Morus alba and Bupleurum falcatum showed the inhibitory activity (>50%) at the concentration of 500($\mu\textrm{g}$/ml against DOPA autooxidation. The IC50 values of the several extracts were also found.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2011

In this study, we evaluated the bioactivities of methanol extract and its solvent fractions of Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. The EtOAc fraction of S. asper exhibited more strong antioxidant activity than other extracts as evidenced by the strongest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity with a $EC_{50}$ value at $33.55\;{\mu}g/mL$ and reducing power, the total polyphenol (180.71 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid contents (145.86 mg QE/g) of S. asper extract were higher than other extracts. The EtOAc fraction of the S. asper also showed 47.38% mushroom tyrosinase inhibition activity, 56.22% ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition and 46.58% ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibition ratio at 1 mg/mL. Both methylene chloride and EtOAc fractions of methanol extract of S. asper effectively reduced of the 86.34% and 62.03% angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) activity at 2 mg/mL, respectively. These findings suggest that the EtOAc fraction of the S. asper could be a potential antioxidant in food additive, medicinal, and industry product.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.94-103
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• 2004

Objective: This study was performed to detennine the depigmenting effects of Kamibongpungtongsung-San. Methods: To determine the depigmenting effects of Kamibangpungtongsung-San. we measured the degree of tyrosinase inhibition, melanin production & cell viability in cultured B16 melanoma cells, UV screen and cytoprotective effects on PC12 cells injured by hydrogen peroxide. Results: Komibangpungtongsung-San did not show inhibitory effects on melanin production in melanoma cells, UV screen and cytoprotective effects on PC12 cells injured by hydrogen peroxide. However it showed mild inhibitory effects on tyrosinase activity. Conclusion : This study shows that Kamibangpungtongsung-San, a generally used prescription for dermatologic diseases, do not have depigmenting effects via tyrosinase inhibition. Therefore, the depigmenting effect and mechanism of depigmentation by Kamibangpungtongsung-San need to be evaluated and investigated in other directions.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.103-107
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• 2000

Previously , the methanolic extract of peach sees was found to have a strong tyrosinase inhibitory activity in an in vitro assay. Several phenolic compunds were isolated from the seeds by solvent fractionation , Sephadex LH-20 chromatography, and preparative HPLC , and one of them showing strong tyrosinase inhibition was identified as benzoic acid by UV, IR, $^1$H/$^1$$^3$C-NMR, and EI-MS spectrsopy. Benzoic acid (IC50= 250$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) and L-ascorbic acid (IC50=28$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml), well-known tyrosinase inhibitors. In particular , benzoic acid inhibited markedly the enzymatic browing (melanosis) of apple juices at low concentration of 0.01% and 0.05, comparable to that of L-ascorbic acid (P<0.05). these results suggest that benzoic acid, one of an effective food preservatives, may be potentially useful as a functional alternative to sulfites for the control of melanosis in fruit juices.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.7
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• pp.993-999
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• 2015

For the purpose of investigating the in vitro antidiabetic activity of a medicinal herb and herb mixture extracts prepared through traditional antidiabetic prescription, this study examined ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Tyrosinase, a type I membrane glycoprotein, is synthesized and glycosylated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi. The enzyme is subsequently transported to melanosomes, where it participates in melanogenesis. Previous studies showed that disruption of early ER N-glycan processing by an ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitor suppresses tyrosinase enzymatic activity and melanogenesis. According to the results, most oriental medicinal herbal extracts were stronger than acarbose and N-butyldeoxynojirimycin, known as an ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitor. Interestingly, ethyl acetate layer of enzyme hydrolyzed Cheongsimyeonjaeum had an inhibitory effect on melanin synthesis in B16F1 cells, although it did not inhibit tyrosinase activity directly. Together, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition activity could be used to evaluate anti-melanogenesis, although cross-checking with melanin inhibitory assay is recommended.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.117-130
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the melanogenesis inhibition effect of Saururus chinensis BAILL (SC) on in B16F10 melanoma cells. Methods : SC was fractionated ethanol extract by the hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and water. We confirmed the inhibitory effect of tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis of all fraction samples. Results : Hexane fraction of Saururus chinensis BAILL (HSC), ethyl acetate of SC (ESC), and butanol of SC (BSC) were discovered to inhibit tysoinase activity and melanogenesis in the absence or presence of ${\alpha}$-MSH. However, water fraction of SC (WSC) did not affect tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis. In addition, all fractions did not inhibit the catalytic activity of cell-free tyrosinase from B16F10 melanoma cell lines. Conclusions : These results suggest that HSC, ESC and BSC reduce pigmentation by indirectly regulating tyrosinase.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 2016

This study describes the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and melanogenesis inhibition activities of methanol extract and various organic solvent fractions of Arecae Pericarpium. We examined the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) scavenging activity, mushroom tyrosinase inhibition activity and melanin contents. The study showed that, among all tested fractions, methylene chloride fraction showed the strongest inhibition of LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells ($IC_{50}$ value $8.89{\mu}g/mL$) and DPPH radical scavenging activity ($EC_{50}$ value $21.39{\mu}g/mL$). Methylene chloride and ethyl acetate fractions similarly inhibited mushroom tyrosinase activity. Methanol extract exhibited strongest reduction of melanin content in B16F10 melanoma cells. Based on the bioactivity assay results, methylene chloride and ethyl acetate fractions were further separated. Eight phenolic compounds were isolated, which are dimeric syringol (1), catechol (2), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (3), vanillin (4), 4-hydroxyacetophenone (5), apocynin (6), protocatechuic acid (7) and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (8). Among the isolated compounds tested, catechol showed the strongest inhibition of LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. Catechol also showed the concentration-dependent NF-${\kappa}B$ inhibition activity. Arecae Pericarpium might have potentials to be developed as anti-inflammatory agent or dermatological product for skin-whitening agent.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.320-326
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• 2017

This study investigated the water extracts of fallen pear (FPWE) on tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis. In the present study, we examined the effects of FPWE on mushroom tyrosinase activity in vitro, B16F10 melanoma cell tyrosinase activity, melanin contents, and expression of melanogenic enzyme proteins such as tyrosinase. An apparent down-regulatory effect on tyrosinase activity was observed when B16F10 cells were incubated with FPWE. Results of melanin assay using B16F10 cells treated with different concentrations (50, 125, and $250{\mu}g/mL$) of FPWE showed a dose-dependent decrease in melanin content. To determine whether or not FPWE indirectly affects tyrosinase activity, we assessed mushroom tyrosinase activity upon treatment with various concentrations (125, 250, 500, and $1,000{\mu}g/mL$) of FPWE. In addition, we investigated changes in the protein level of tyrosinase by using Western blotting. Tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor expression levels in B16F10 melanoma cells were reduced in a dose-dependent manner by FPWE. These results suggest that FPWE reduced melanin formation by inhibition of tyrosinase activity. Therefore, we suggest that FPWE could be used an effective whitening agent for skin.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.533-540
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• 2000

Melanization of B16 melanoma cells was comparatively studied by the aqueous extract of Epimedium koreanum Nakai(EK) and $\alpha$-MSH. In addition, inhibitory effects of RA was investigated. B16 melanoma cells(about 1${\times}10_5$) have been shown an increase in tyrosinase activity and melanin contents in proportion to concentration of $\alpha$-MSH when treated with $\alpha$-MSH and incubated for 72 hrs. They indicated a 350% increase in tyrosinase activity and a 290% increase in melanin contents at 8 ng/mL. In case of EK, they have been shown a 200% increase in tyrosinase activity and a 180% increase in melanin contents at 100 ${\mu}g$/mL. In addition of RA to the above condition, they have been shown an inhibition from 350% to 210% in tyrosinase activity and from 290% to 250% in melanin contents in $\alpha$-MSH, and inhibition from 200% to 100% in tyrosinase activity and from 180% to 120% in melanin contents in EK. From the above results, it is suggested that EK promotes melanization of B16 melanoma cells through cAMP pathway, whereas RA inhibits it.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.280-284
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• 2005

Several biological activities of Rhododendron mucronulatum were investigated. The electron donating abilities of ethanol extracts of Rhododendron mucronulatum were more than 90% at 100 ppm, 500 ppm and 1,000 ppm. Xanthine oxidase was inhibition about 46% by the ethanol extracts of R. mucronulatum at 500 ppm 48% of tyrosinase activity relating to skin-whitening was shown at 1,000 ppm. Uniquely, the anti-microbial effects of water extract and ethanol extract were shown only on Staphylococcus aureus. The water extract 1 mg/disc showed the higher activity than ethanol extract. The growth inhibition effect of each sample on lung cancer (A549) and melanoma (B16F10) cell lines were over 70% at 1,000 ppm, while the effects on the melanoma (G361) and liver cancer (HepG2) were about 50% at the same concentration.