• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.53-56
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• 2009

Recent evidence has strongly suggested that the CAP/TC10 pathway is involved in the trafficking, docking, and fusion of vesicles containing the insulin-responsive glucose transporter Glut4 to the plasma membrane. However, little is known about how the genes employed in the CAP/TC10 pathway are associated with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study, we sequenced 4 genes of the CAP/TC10 pathway [SORBS1, CBL, CRK, and RHOQ] in 24 individuals to identify genetic variations in these loci. A total of 48 sequence variants were identified, including 23 novel variations. To investigate the possible association with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms from SORBS1, 3 from CBL, and 4 from RHOQ were genotyped in 1122 Korean type 2 diabetic patients and 1138 nondiabetic controls. Using logistic regression analysis, 1 significant association between SNP rs1376405 in RHOQ and type 2 diabetes mellitus [OR = 8.714 (C.I. 1.714-44.29), p = 0.009] was found in the recessive model. Our data demonstrate a positive association of the RHOQ gene in the CAP/TC10 pathway with T2DM in the Korean population.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.87-95
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase $(TIMP)_{-3}$, and $TIMP_{-4}$ in the gingival tissues of periodontal patients with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: Depending on the patient's systemic condition and clinical criteria of the gingiva, each gingival sample was classified into one of three groups. Sixteen clinically, systemically healthy patients (group 1), 16 periodontal patients (group 2), and 16 periodontal patients with DM (group 3) were included. Tissue samples in each group were collected, prepared, and analyzed by western blotting. Quantification of the relative amount of $TIMP_{-3}$, $TIMP_{-4}$, and iNOS was performed. Results: The expression levels of iNOS and $TIMP_{-3}$ both increased in group 1, group 2, and group 3 in increasing order, and were significantly higher in both group 2 and group 3 as compared to group 1 (P<0.05). The expression levels of $TIMP_{-4}$ increased in the same order, but significantly increased in group 2 as compared to group 1, in group 3 as compared to group 1, and group 3 as compared to group 2 (P<0.05). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that iNOS, $TIMP_{-3}$, and $TIMP_{-4}$ might be involved in the progression of periodontal inflammation associated with type 2 DM. It is thought that further study of these factors can be applied practically for the diagnosis and control of periodontitis in diabetics.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.817-820
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• 2010

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by extreme insulin deficiency due to an overall reduction in the mass of functional pancreatic ${\beta}$-cells. Several animal models have been used to study T1DM. Amongst these, the mini-pig seems to be the most ideal model for diabetes research, owing to similarities with humans in anatomy and physiology. The purpose of this study was to analyze differentially expressed pancreatic proteins in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mini-pig T1DM model. Pancreas proteins from mini-pigs treated with STZ were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and 11 protein spots were found to be altered significantly when compared with control mini-pigs. The data in this study utilizing proteomic analysis provide a valuable resource for the further understanding of the T1DM pathomechanism.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.131-137
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• 2015

Background: The protective effect of metformin against breast cancer is inconclusive. Objective: To evaluate the effect of metformin on breast cancer risk and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Method: A comprehensive literature search was performed for pertinent articles published prior to June 30, 2014, using PubMed and EMBASE. Study heterogeneity was estimated with $I^2$ statistic. The data from the included studies were pooled and weighted by random-effects model. The quality of each included study was assessed on the basis of the 9-star Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and publication bias was evaluated by visual inspection of a funnel plot. Results: Ten studies were included in the meta-analysis of the association of metformin and breast cancer risk. By synthesizing the data from the studies, the pooled odds ratio (OR) was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.59, 0.87) (p = 0.0005). Three cohort studies were included for meta-analysis of the association between metformin and breast cancer-related mortality. Metformin was associated with a significant decrease in mortality (Risk ratio: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.90, p = 0.007). Conclusion: The present meta-analysis suggests that metformin appears to be associated with a lower risk of breast cancer incidence and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.81-84
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• 2003

Recently, diabetes has been found to be associated with osteoporosis. Specially in IDDM. In both type I and type II diabetes, glucose levels are elevated. Thus, a linkage between high glucose and osteoporosis can not be ruled out. In this study, an attempt has been made to observe the effect of high glucose on bone formation; osteoblast like UMR 106 cells were treated with high glucose (22 mM, 33 mM) for 1, 3 or 7 days. The high concentration of glucose inhibited markers. of bone formation activity such as alkaline phosphatase and collagen synthesis. In addition, reduction in the level of total cellular protein in response to high glucose was also observed. This study showed high glucose concentration could alter the bone metabolism leading to a defective bone formation and thus paving the linkage of such situation to diabetic complications.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.559-563
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• 2003

Cytokines produced by immune cells infiltrating pancreatic islets have been incriminated as important mediators of $\beta$-cell destruction in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In non insulin-dependent diabetes, cytokines are also associated with impaired $\beta$-cell function in high glucose condition. By the screening of various natural products blocking $\beta$-cell destruction, we have recently found that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) can prevent the in vitro destruction of RINm5F cell, an insulinoma cell line, that is induced by cytokines. In that study we suggested that EGCG could prevent cytokine-induced $\beta$-cell destruction by down-regulation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) through inhibition of NF-kB activation. Here, to verify the in vivo antidiabetogenic effect of EGCG, we examined the possibility that EGCG could also prevent the experimental autoimmune diabetes induced by the treatment of multiple low doses of streptozotocin (MLD-STZ), which is recognized as an inducer of type I autoimmune diabetes. Administration of EGCG (100 mg/day/kg for 10 days) during the MLD-STZ induction of diabetes reduced the increase of blood glucose levels caused by MLD-STZ. Ex vivo analysis of $\beta$-islets showed that EGCG downregulates the MLD-STZ-induced expression of inducible NOS (iNOS). In addition, morphological examination showed that EGCG treatment ameliorated the decrease of islet mass induced by MLD-STZ. In combination these results suggest that EGCG could prevent the onset of MLD-STZ-induced diabetes by protecting pancreatic islets. Our results therefore revealed the possible therapeutic value of EGCG for the prevention of diabetes mellitus progression.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.626-632
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• 2000

Brazilin, an active principle of Caesalprenia sappan, was examined for its immunopotentiating effects in multiple low dose streptozotocin (MLD-STZ) induced type diabetic mice. Brazilin was intraperitoneally administered for 5 consecutive days to MLD-STZ induced type 1 diabetic mice. Delayed type hypersensitivity, Con A-induced proliferation of splenocytes and mixed lymphocyte reaction, which had been decreased in diabetic mice, were significantly recovered by the administration of brazilin. Brazilin increased IL-2 production without affecting suppressor cell activity. Con A-induced and IL-2-induced expression of high affinity IL-2 receptors were also enhanced by brazilin. These results indicate that brazilin augments cellular immune responses, which are suppressed in the MLD-STZ induced type I diabetic mice, by increasing IL-2 production and responsiveness of immune cells to IL-2.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess vitamin $B_6$ intake and status in Korean patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Sixty-four patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and 8-11% glycated hemoglobin (A1C), along with 28 age-matched non-diabetic subjects, participated. Dietary vitamin $B_6$ intake was estimated by the 24 hour recall method and plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) was measured. There was a significant difference in daily total calorie intake between the diabetic and non-diabetic groups ($1,917{\pm}376$ vs $2,093{\pm}311\;kcal$). There were no differences in intake of total vitamin $B_6$ ($2.51{\pm}0.91$ vs $2.53{\pm}0.81\;mg/d$) or vitamin $B_6$/1,000 kcal ($1.31{\pm}0.42$ vs $1.20{\pm}0.32\;mg$) between the diabetic and non-diabetic groups, and I intakes of total vitamin $B_6$ were above the Korean RDA in both groups ($180.0{\pm}57.9$ vs $179.0{\pm}65.4$). There was a higher percentage of diabetic subjects whose plasma PLP concentration was < 30 nmol/L compared to non-diabetic group. Plasma PLP levels tended to be lower in the diabetic subjects than in the non-diabetic subjects, although the difference was not statistically significant due to a large standard deviation ($80.0{\pm}61.2\;nmol/L$ vs $68.2{\pm}38.5\;nmol/L$). Nevertheless, plasma PLP levels should be monitored in pre-diabetic patients with diabetic risk factors as well as in newly diagnosed diabetic patients for long-term management of diabetes, even though this factor is not a major risk factor that contributes to the development of degenerative complications in certain patients.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.64 no.10
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• pp.525-530
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• 2021

Background: Exposure to air pollution (gaseous pollutants and/or particulate matter) has been associated with the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Purpose: To examine the quantitative relationship between air pollutant emissions and the incidence of T1D. Methods: We examined the association between the incidence of T1D and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in 2017 as well as that of T1D in patients younger than 15 years in 2016 with "emissions of air-polluting substances from stationary and mobile sources by regions of the Russian Federation in 2016" as reported by the Federal Diabetes Register of Russia downloaded from the Russian government website (http://www.mnr.gov.ru/docs/gosudarstvennye_doklady/o_sostoyanii_i_ob_okhrane_okruzhayushchey_sredy_rossiyskoy_federatsii/). Results: The incidence of T1D across all ages in each region of the Russian Federation correlated with the total air pollutants emitted in the region each year (r=0.278, P=0.013). The incidence of T2D was also correlated with the amount of air pollutants (r=0.234, P=0.037) and the incidence of T1D (r=0.600, P<0.001) in each country. Similarly, the incidence of T1D in patients younger than 15 years correlated with the total air pollutants emitted each year in each region (r=0.300, P=0.011). Conclusion: The quantitative relationship between the total air pollutants emitted and the incidence of T1D and T2D in the Russian Federation suggests that air pollution contributes to the development of T1D and T2D.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.63-70
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate hospital service utilization by the types of hospitals in Type I Medicaid claims frequently cited by elderly beneficiaries. Methods: Three frequently claimed inpatient diseases were selected: cerebral infarction, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Relevant data were collected for the year 2008 from the computer database of the National Health Insurance Corporation. The data was analyzed using SPSS by descriptive statistics, ANOVA and coefficient of variation. Results: The coefficient of variance of hospitalization per episode was higher than daily hospital expenditure among hospitals for all three diseases. The coefficient of variance of hospitalization per episode was highest for cerebral infarction. The coefficient of variation of hospital expenditure per hospital day was highest for hypertension. Conclusions: Evaluating of the volume and pattern of hospital service utilization and the appropriateness for hospital admission for Type-I Medicaid elderly beneficiaries is important for Medicaid-based case management.