• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.121-146
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• 2005

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the structure and characteristics of the utilization support systems(USS), which has been institutionalized to aid the use of social welfare services in Japan's social welfare systems recently. In order to conduct such purposes, this paper made the process as follows. Firstly, this paper examined the developmental processes of social welfare systems, and the back ground of institutionalization of USS in Japan. Secondly, this paper formulated at ideal dimension the analytic model which was to explain the structure and characteristics of the USS. To build this model, this paper used two factors which were the connective dependency to the welfare support systems and the feasible-satisfying alternative setting for user. Thirdly, this paper analyzed the characteristics of the user-driven support facilities which has already activated in social welfare systems in Japan. According to the result of analyzing such model, this paper explained that USS in Japan has possessed the structure and characteristics, such as to aid self actualization and human right of user, to compose the inner coalition organization with supply systems, to emphasize the employee to train care management's skill, and to keep up bounded openness to USS's participation. Therefore, oligopoly market is formulated owing to bounded openness in the field of USS and the role of social worker such as a care manager is emphasized on making care plan.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.141-170
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• 2010

User created content (UCC) is created and shared by common users on line. From the user's perspective, the increase of UCCs has led to an expansion of alternative means of communications, while from the business perspective UCCs have formed an environment in which an abundant amount of new contents can be produced. Despite outward quantitative growth, however, many aspects of UCCs do not meet the expectations of general users in terms of quality, and this can be observed through pirated contents and user-copied contents. The purpose of this research is to investigate effective methods for fostering production of creative user-generated content. This study proposes two core elements, namely, reward and motivation, which are believed to enhance content creativity as well as the mediating factor and users' committement, which will be effective for bridging the increasing motivation and content creativity. Based on this perspective, this research takes an in-depth look at issues related to constructing the dimensions of reward and motivation in UCC services for creative content product, which are identified in three phases. First, three dimensions of rewards have been proposed: task dimension, social dimension, and organizational dimention. The task dimension rewards are related to the inherent characteristics of a task such as writing blog articles and pasting photos. Four concrete ways of providing task-related rewards in UCC environments are suggested in this study, which include skill variety, task significance, task identity, and autonomy. The social dimensioni rewards are related to the connected relationships among users. The organizational dimension consists of monetary payoff and recognition from others. Second, the two types of motivations are suggested to be affected by the diverse rewards schemes: intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation occurs when people create new UCC contents for its' own sake, whereas extrinsic motivation occurs when people create new contents for other purposes such as fame and money. Third, commitments are suggested to work as important mediating variables between motivation and content creativity. We believe commitments are especially important in online environments because they have been found to exert stronger impacts on the Internet users than other relevant factors do. Two types of commitments are suggested in this study: emotional commitment and continuity commitment. Finally, content creativity is proposed as the final dependent variable in this study. We provide a systematic method to measure the creativity of UCC content based on the prior studies in creativity measurement. The method includes expert evaluation of blog pages posted by the Internet users. In order to test the theoretical model of our study, 133 active blog users were recruited to participate in a group discussion as well as a survey. They were asked to fill out a questionnaire on their commitment, motivation and rewards of creating UCC contents. At the same time, their creativity was measured by independent experts using Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Finally, two independent users visited the study participants' blog pages and evaluated their content creativity using the Creative Products Semantic Scale. All the data were compiled and analyzed through structural equation modeling. We first conducted a confirmatory factor analysis to validate the measurement model of our research. It was found that measures used in our study satisfied the requirement of reliability, convergent validity as well as discriminant validity. Given the fact that our measurement model is valid and reliable, we proceeded to conduct a structural model analysis. The results indicated that all the variables in our model had higher than necessary explanatory powers in terms of R-square values. The study results identified several important reward shemes. First of all, skill variety, task importance, task identity, and automony were all found to have significant influences on the intrinsic motivation of creating UCC contents. Also, the relationship with other users was found to have strong influences upon both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Finally, the opportunity to get recognition for their UCC work was found to have a significant impact on the extrinsic motivation of UCC users. However, different from our expectation, monetary compensation was found not to have a significant impact on the extrinsic motivation. It was also found that commitment was an important mediating factor in UCC environment between motivation and content creativity. A more fully mediating model was found to have the highest explanation power compared to no-mediation or partially mediated models. This paper ends with implications of the study results. First, from the theoretical perspective this study proposes and empirically validates the commitment as an important mediating factor between motivation and content creativity. This result reflects the characteristics of online environment in which the UCC creation activities occur voluntarily. Second, from the practical perspective this study proposes several concrete reward factors that are germane to the UCC environment, and their effectiveness to the content creativity is estimated. In addition to the quantitive results of relative importance of the reward factrs, this study also proposes concrete ways to provide the rewards in the UCC environment based on the FGI data that are collected after our participants finish asnwering survey questions. Finally, from the methodological perspective, this study suggests and implements a way to measure the UCC content creativity independently from the content generators' creativity, which can be used later by future research on UCC creativity. In sum, this study proposes and validates important reward features and their relations to the motivation, commitment, and the content creativity in UCC environment, which is believed to be one of the most important factors for the success of UCC and Web 2.0. As such, this study can provide significant theoretical as well as practical bases for fostering creativity in UCC contents.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.65-76
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• 2018

Purpose - The study aims to provide the relationships between the social servicescape and customer's emotion and voluntary behaviors were investigated in this study. The social servicescape was largely divided into service employee's image and other customers (in customer's similarity, physical appearance and suitable behavior). Firstly, the relationship between service employee's image and customer's positive emotion was investigated as a specific purpose of study. Secondly, this study attempted to understand the relationship between other customers (in customer's similarity, physical appearance and suitable behavior) and customer's positive emotion. Lastly, the relationship between customer's positive emotion and customer's voluntary behavior dimension (intention to cooperate, intention to participate in and loyalty) was examined. Research design, data, & methodology - In order to prove the hypotheses in this study, the customers who have experienced family restaurants during the last two months were targeted for a survey. A total number of 300 survey papers were distributed and as a result, 248 papers could be used for analysis, except the papers with insincere answers. After the analysis of the reliability and validity of each major variable, the hypothesis was verified through the structure method by using Amos 20.0. Results - First, the results of hypothesis testing on the relationship between social servicescape and customer's positive emotion showed service employee image gives a positively meaningful impact on customer's positive emotion. Secondly, the results on the relationship between other customers and customer's positive emotion indicated that the customer's similarity and physical appearance has a positively significant impact on customer's emotion while customer's suitable behavior has not a significantly positive impact on customer's positive emotion Lastly, customer's positive emotion was shown to have a significantly positive influence on customer's voluntary behavior dimension, that is, intention to cooperate, intention to participate in and loyalty. Conclusions - This study aims to focus on and emphasize the social servicescape and its importance, which is different from the previous studies that have been focused largely on physical servicescape. Such results in this study indicated the social servicescape (service employee's image and other customers) as an important factor that affects customer's positive emotion and voluntary behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.513-526
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• 2020

The existing preservation methods are difficult to be applied to a large dimension log which is needed for making traditional wooden ship 'Jalur' in Riau Province. Novel techniques to provide the use of readily available species to replace traditional species alternative were investigated. These included infusion and a combination of injection and bandage-wrapping methods for preserving living trees of Balam (Macaranga conifera (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Müll.Arg.) and Bintangor (Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f.). Water-based boron compounds were applied as wood preservatives. In total, 18 discs from the bottom, middle, and top of four trees and two controls were used. Trees undergoing treatment were also used to see how wood anatomical structure might affect the boron penetration. The overall aim was to identify the best method for use in Jalur manufacturing. The results showed that in infused Balam tree where the hose position for the preservative intake was deep (10-15 cm from the bark), no boron compound was observed in the outer sapwood. Combination of injection and bandage-wrapping method gave higher percentage of boron penetration at bottom and middle of Balam tree. However, infused Bintangor showed 100% boron penetration. The larger vessel diameter, the absence of tyloses, and the simple perforation plates in Bintangor wood were likely to have contributed to the higher penetration of boron. The combination of bandage-wrapping and infusion, or alternatively by infusing the living trees close to the bark, and at as low as position in the stem gives better protection when treatments are applied to living trees.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.261-276
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• 2010

The analysis of an art trend in the principle dimension starts by observing the object of work in the perspective of formative composition and recognizing it as a universal system. It can be said that it is consistent with an interpretation method for a form theory of formal history by Heinrich W$\ddot{o}$lfflin, a leading form critic in art criticism. Hence, the purpose of this study was to find out what are the formative principles in Renaissance Classicism as a design principle to be applicable to modern fashion by reviewing the formative characteristics of Renaissance Classicism Architecture with which W$\ddot{o}$lfflin directly dealt. As for the theoretical literature review, I used W$\ddot{o}$lfflin's theoretical framework and looked at the Renaissance Classicism Architecture that he studied and examined the possibility of utilizing his theory as a layout principle and the characteristics. As for analysis of design cases, I applied the aforementioned architecture layout principle to modern fashion and conducted case study analysis to delve into distinctive layout principles found in fashion. The study showed that the Renaissance Classicism Architectural Style is marked by linearity, planarity, closing and multiple unity: linearity was expressed in the observation form in fixed frontal view and an emphasis on a tangible silhouette homeogenous and definite line structures; planarity was achieved in the form of paralleled layers of frontal view element, planarity style, and identical and proportional repetition of various sizes.; closing signified the pursuit of complete and clear regularity, and architecture developed in a constructive phase through organizational inevitability and absolute invariability.; multiple unity was expressed in self-completedness and independent parallel of discrete forms and harmony of emphasized individual elements in a totality. Applying these layout characteristics of the Renaissance Classicism Architectural style and to see their individual expressive features, I found out that in adopting layout principles of the Renaissance Classicism Architecture to modern fashion, it turned out to be an emphasis of individual silhouettes, a flattened space, completed objects, organic harmony among independent parts: the emphasis of individual silhouettes was expressed in individual definitiveness of formative lines of clothes in accordance with body joints and an emphasis on formative lines of clothes; the flattened space was marked by single layer structure, planarity of elements of clothes, and listing arrangement by appropriate proportion.; the completedness of the objects was expressed by the stationary state where overall image is fixed, the construction of homogeneous and complete space, and absolute inevitability of internal layout in proportion; lastly, organic harmony of independent parts was stressed in independent completedness of each detail, and organic harmony of the whole. The expressive features would lead to a unique expression style of linear emphasis, proportion, constructive forms, and two-dimensional arrangement. The meaning of this study is follows: The characteristics of art school of thought are given shape by appling & analysing the architectural layout principles of historical art school of thought to modern fashion in the view point of formal construction dimension. The applied possibility of historical art school of thought as the source of inspiration about the fashion design is extended.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.85-93
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• 2013

Purpose: The study purposes were to describe the process of developing the Korean versions of the Six Dimension Scale of Nursing Performance (Six-D) and Student Nurse Stress Index (SNSI) and psychometric evaluation of the two measurements. Methods: This was a methodology study using a descriptive cross-sectional design with 51 nursing students in 4th year of university. Internal consistency reliability was assessed using Cronbach alphas. Construct validity was determined by exploring correlations among Six-D, SNSI, objective structured clinical examination (OSCE), self-efficacy and grade point average (GPA). Results: Internal consistency reliability of Six-D and SNSI was acceptable with Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ of .95 and .82. Correlation analysis to determine construct validity revealed that Six-D presented positive correlations with OSCE (r=.109~.272) and self-efficacy (r=.005~.161) and negative correlation with GPA (r=-.246~-.394), although all were not statistically significant. SNSI presented all negative correlations with OSCE (r= -.007~-.238), self-efficacy (r=-.246~-.394), and GPA (r=-.092~-.426) and were mostly statistically significant except OSCE. Conclusion: Six-D needs more evidence to confirm validity to predict observed clinical competency and theoretical relationships with self-efficacy and GPA. However, SNSI presented trends of expected relationships with relevant variables. Therefore, further research is recommended in testing validity of Six-D with other student populations.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.41-59
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• 2002

Analysis about supply chain structure was achieved in product unit that is not 'business' dimension that is existent discussion target in surrounding and supply chain structure as that this study analyzes positively how supply chain structure according to business surroundings of product changes. This can do that analysis of product unit in synthetic supply chain management is essential when recognize the importance that supply chain management must consist by product special quality according to corporation's each product. Sort product environment and studied relation with supply chain structure to achieve study purpose hereupon. Structure variable of supply chain drew through existent literature study here. Executed question investigation for supply chain by product for study that is actual proof enemy, and figure method used analysis of variance (ANOVA) mainly. If summarize result of study, result that analyze relation between business environment of product and supply chain structure, according to business environment of product, showed that supply chain structure changes. Certified that relation of two group (environment group of uncertain product and environment group of stable product) of business environment of product and structure variable (that is number of participant of supply chain, lead time of supply chain, about administration's independence, response points of supply chain) of supply chain is significant relation all from all structure variables except number of participant of supply chain. Variable that express length of supply chain from structure Variable of supply chain is number of participant of supply chain and lead time of supply chain, and variable that display monitoring or trust aspect for supply chain is administration's independence degree and response points of supply chain. As analysis result, product that environment is uncertain is appearing more shortly than product that length of supply chain stabilizes, and also, monitoring or trust aspect for supply chain was proved that is consisting abuzzer than product that stabilize. Therefore, showed that put essential point in administration of 'hierarchy'putting first than 'market' when business environment designs supply chain structure in case of uncertain product, and proved that the other side business environment is focusing in administration way of 'market' putting first in case of stable product.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.23-35
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• 2009

A hypermarket as the one of the most globally standardized retailing format is also the type of store among various types of stores that the most active in expanding into other foreign markets. Recently, as several Korean retailing companies start to penetrate into Chinese market they differentiate themselves with modern facilities and customers service oriented high-end concept. China and Korea as Far East Asian countries share many common values, however precise and careful analysis should be carried out since there may also be critical differences in socio-economic aspects as well as in consumption patterns due to the level of development stages of retail industry among two countries. Even though precise and careful study is crucial on Chinese retailing market and consumers, none of researches and studies on 'how the quality of service dimensional structure is different between Korea and China', and 'what will be the most important and influential service dimensional factors for Chinese consuers compared to the hypermarkets customers in Korea' in order to improve the level of Chinese consumers satisfaction' have been fulfilled At this point of view, this study uses KD-SQS (Rho Eun Jung & Sir Yong Gu, 2008) which is a measure of Korean hypermarkets service quality to set up a hypothesis on Korean and Chinese consumers, and an empirical analysis is conducted. We try to get the answers about how the comparative importance of Service quality dimensions which decides the level of customer satisfaction is different depending on the cultural dimensions and socio-economic factors among two countries, Korea and China. Based upon the results, we try to give a valuable suggestion of what service dimensional factors should be reinforced to improve the level of CS in Chinese retailing market. Hypotheses for this study are as follows : H1. Each dimension of Service Quality significantly affects the level of CS H2. The effect of 'Basic Benefit' in service quality dimensions on the level of CS is greater in China than in Korea H3. The effect of 'Promotion' in service quality dimensions on the level of CS is greater in China than in Korea H4. The effect of 'Physical Aspects'in service quality dimensions on the level of CS is greater in Korea than in China. H5. The effect of 'Personal Interaction' in service quality dimensions on the level of CS is greater in China than in Korea H6. The effect of 'Policy' in service quality dimensions on the level of CS will be greater in Korean than in China H7. The effect of additional convenience in service quality dimensions on the level of CS will be greater in Korean than in China. More than 1,100 data were collected directly from the surveys of Chinese and Korean consumers in order to verify the hypotheses above. In Korea, stores which have floor space of over $9,000m^2$and opened later than year 2000 were selected for the samples, and thus Gayang, Wolgye, Sangbong, Eunpyeong, Suh-Suwon, Gojan stores and their customers were surveyed. In China, notable differences in the income levels and consumer behaviors between cities and regions were considered, and thus the research area was limited to the stores only in Shanghai. 6 stores which have the size of over $6,000m^2$ and opened later than 2000, such as Ruihong, Intu, Mudanjang, Sanrin, Raosimon, and Ranchao stores were selected for the survey. SPSS 12.0 and AMOS 7.0 were used as statistical tools, and exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and multi-group analysis were conducted. In order to carry out a multi group analysis that decides whether the structure variables which shows the different effects of 6 service dimensions in Korean and Chinese groups is statistically valid, configural invariance, metric invariance, and structural invariance are tested in order. At the results of the tests, 3 out of 7 hypotheses were supported and other 4 hypotheses were denied. According to the study, 4 dimensions (Basic Benefit, Physical Environment, Policy, and additional convenience) were positively correlated with CS in Korea, and 3 dimensions (i.e. basic benefit, policy, additional convenience) were significant in China. However, the significance of the service-dimensions was turned out to be partially different in Korea and China. The Basic Benefit is more influential in deciding the level of CS in china than Korea, however Physical Aspect is more important factor in Korea. 'Policy dimension' did not make significant difference between two countries. In the 'additional convenience dimension', the differences in 'socio-economic factors' than in'cultural background' were considered as more important in Chinese consumers than Korean. Overall, the improvement of Service quality will be crucial factors to increase the level of CS in Chinese market same as Korean market. In addition, more emphases need to be placed on the service qualities of 'Basic Benefit' and 'additional convenience' dimensions in China. In particular, 'low price' and 'product diversity' that constitute 'Basic Benefit' are proved to be comparatively disadvantageous and weak points of Korean companies compared to global players, and thus the prompt strengthening those dimensions would be urgent for Korean retailers. Moreover, additional conveniences such as various tenants and complex service and entertaining area will be more important in China than in Korea. Besides, Applying advanced Korean Hypermaret`s customer policy to Chinese consumers will help to get higher reliability and to differentiate themselves to other competitors. However, as personal interaction, physical aspect, promotions were proved as not significant for the level of CS in China, Korean companies need to reconsider the priority order of resource allocations when they tap into Chinese market.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.267-281
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• 2021

The shift in the perspective on learning as participation draws attention to learners' identity work. This manuscript foregrounds the ongoing and fluid processes of identity, and focuses on the structure surrounding learners where identity work occurs and the expression of individual agency. From the perspective of learning as participation, we introduce Holland et al. (1998) identity-in-practice theory, as the theoretical lens that dialectically describes structure, agency and identity. The concepts representing this theory are 'figured world', 'positionality' and 'authoring self'. The figured world is a web of meaning encompassing the continuous construct/reconstruct through human actions and also exerts as the social force that shapes human actions. 'Positionality' on the other hand, means an understanding of one's social position in the world. The notion of 'authoring self', is a dimension that synthesizes the above two concepts, which describes the improvisation of one's self through the orchestration and collaboration of various social voices. Next, we analyzed and described various cases of this theory that we found within the scope of science education. However, due to the nature of this theory, which takes a sociocultural approach, international research studies cannot be simply applied to the Korean context. Therefore, we sought to expand the applicability of this theory as a methodological tool, by discussing the directions in which this theory can be used in a domestic context. It is intended that the introduction of this theory, which emphasizes multi-layered, continuous and cumulative identity work, will be used as a resource to further expand the horizon of science education reform that is required for the times.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.417-427
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• 2010

In the ease that a new cross tunnel is constructed under the existing tunnel, development of a longitudinal arching would be influenced by the existing tunnel. But it is not enough to investigate. Especially, the influence of the structure loads on the ground surface on the new tunnel, which the under-passes existing tunnel has been rarely studied. This study, therefore, aimed to clarify the effect of the existing tunnel and the structure on the ground surface on the development of a longitudinal ground arching during the excavation of a cross tunnel under the existing tunnel. Two-dimensional model tests were carried out in the test box, whose dimension was 30 cm (wide) ${\times}$ 113 cm (deep) ${\times}$ 87 cm (high). The existing tunnel was made of S21 steel tube in 16 cm diameter and 1 mm thickness. The ground surface load was 4.9 kPa and was loaded on the model structure in the size with 30 cm width ${\times}$ 16 cm height. New tunnel was excavated in 250 mm height by a bench cut method. As results, the longitudinal arching would be developed but it was severely influenced by not only the existing upper tunnel but also the ground surface load. The influence of the ground surface load on the development of longitudinal ground arching around a new tunnel showed the highest value when the tunnel face located direct under the surface load.