• 대한수학회보
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.1217-1227
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• 2014

The intersection of all two-sided ideals of an ordered semigroup, if it is non-empty, is called the kernel of the ordered semigroup. A left ideal L of an ordered semigroup ($S,{\cdot},{\leq}$) having a kernel I is said to be simple if I is properly contained in L and for any left ideal L' of ($S,{\cdot},{\leq}$), I is properly contained in L' and L' is contained in L imply L' = L. The notions of simple right and two-sided ideals are defined similarly. In this paper, the author characterize when an ordered semigroup having a kernel is the class sum of its simple left, right and two-sided ideals. Further, the structure of simple two-sided ideals will be discussed.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제20권1_2호
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• pp.455-464
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• 2006

In this paper, we introduce the concept of an interval-valued fuzzy left (right, two-sided, interior, bi-) ideal generated by an interval-valued fuzzy subset in semigroups. Some characterizations of such generated interval-valued fuzzy ideals are also discussed.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.37-43
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• 2008

The aim of the present paper is to introduce the concept "Finite dimension" in the theory of associative rings R with respect to two sided ideals. We obtain that if R has finite dimension on two sided ideals, then there exist uniform ideals $U_1,U_2,\ldots,U_n$ of R whose sum is direct and essential in R. The number n is independent of the choice of the uniform ideals $U_i$ and 'n' is called the dimension of R.

• 호남수학학술지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.365-378
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• 2004

The orders in quaternion algebras play central role in the theory of Hecke operators. In this paper, we study the order of two sided ideal group in orders of a quaternion algebra.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.411-422
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• 2002

In this note we are concerned with relationships between one-sided ideals and two-sided ideals, and study the properties of polynomial rings whose maximal one-sided ideals are two-sided, in the viewpoint of the Nullstellensatz on noncommutative rings. Let R be a ring and R[x] be the polynomial ring over R with x the indeterminate. We show that eRe is right quasi-duo for $0{\neq}e^2=e{\in}R$ if R is right quasi-duo; R/J(R) is commutative with J(R) the Jacobson radical of R if R[$\chi$] is right quasi-duo, from which we may characterize polynomial rings whose maximal one-sided ideals are two-sided; if R[x] is right quasi-duo then the Jacobson radical of R[x] is N(R)[x] and so the $K\ddot{o}the's$ conjecture (i.e., the upper nilradical contains every nil left ideal) holds, where N(R) is the set of all nilpotent elements in R. Next we prove that if the polynomial rins R[x], over a reduced ring R with $\mid$X$\mid$ $\geq$ 2, is right quasi-duo, then R is commutative. Several counterexamples are included for the situations that occur naturally in the process of this note.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.793-807
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• 2020

Stable range of rings is a unifying concept for problems related to the substitution and cancellation of modules. The newly appeared element-wise setting for the simplest case of stable range one is tempting to study the lifting property modulo ideals. We study the lifting of elements having (idempotent) stable range one from a quotient of a ring R modulo a two-sided ideal I by providing several examples and investigating the relations with other lifting properties, including lifting idempotents, lifting units, and lifting of von Neumann regular elements. In the case where the ring R is a left or a right duo ring, we show that stable range one elements lift modulo every two-sided ideal if and only if R is a ring with stable range one. Under a mild assumption, we further prove that the lifting of elements having idempotent stable range one implies the lifting of von Neumann regular elements.

• 영어영문학
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.429-455
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• 2011

Numbers have been regarded as one-sided, and their exactly readings have been understood as the results of scalar implicature. This Neo-Gricean view on numbers becomes less persuasive due to theoretical and experimental counterarguments. In spite of growing evidence for theirtwo-sided readings, numbers are still one-sided in modal sentences. Moreover, the occurrence of a negative operator may worsen the acceptability of modal sentences with numbers. In the framework of Vector Space Semantics, I have derived two-sided readings of numbers with the simple notions of monotonicity of modals and scopal relations between modals and numbers. I have also argued that the awkwardness incurred by negation is the result of a split set of vectors for a number. The incoherent set of vectors is understood as the lack of an ideal behavior, which is against the deontic modality of the sentence.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.141-144
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• 1992

In this paper, some properties of p-injective ring is studied: The Jacobson radical of a pinjective ring which satisfies the ascending chain condition on essential left ideals is nilpotent. Also, the left singular ideal of a ring which satisfies the ascending chain condition on essential left ideals is nilpotent. Finally, we give an example which shows that a semiprime left p-injective ring such that every essential left ideal is two-sided is not necessarily to be strongly regular.egular.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.299-307
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• 2006

The following results ale extended from P-injective rings to AP-injective rings: (1) R is left self-injective regular if and only if R is a right (resp. left) AP-injective ring such that for every finitely generated left R-module M, $_R(M/Z(M))$ is projective, where Z(M) is the left singular submodule of $_{R}M$; (2) if R is a left nonsingular left AP-injective ring such that every maximal left ideal of R is either injective or a two-sided ideal of R, then R is either left self-injective regular or strongly regular. In addition, we answer a question of Roger Yue Chi Ming [13] in the positive. Let R be a ring whose every simple singular left R-module is Y J-injective. If R is a right MI-ring whose every essential right ideal is an essential left ideal, then R is a left and right self-injective regular, left and right V-ring of bounded index.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.1127-1133
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• 2014

Let S be a nonempty subset of a ring R. A map $f:R{\rightarrow}R$ is called strong commutativity preserving on S if [f(x), f(y)] = [x, y] for all $x,y{\in}S$, where the symbol [x, y] denotes xy - yx. Bell and Daif proved that if a derivation D of a semiprime ring R is strong commutativity preserving on a nonzero right ideal ${\rho}$ of R, then ${\rho}{\subseteq}Z$, the center of R. Also they proved that if an endomorphism T of a semiprime ring R is strong commutativity preserving on a nonzero two-sided ideal I of R and not identity on the ideal $I{\cup}T^{-1}(I)$, then R contains a nonzero central ideal. This short note shows that the conclusions of Bell and Daif are also true without the additivity of the derivation D and the endomorphism T.