• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.704-711
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 국내 전력공급을 양분하는 원자력발전시스템과 화력발전시스템사이에 대하여 LCA를 수행하여 환경영향을 비교 평가하였다. 연구범위로서 두 발전시스템의 건설, 운영, 해체 및 폐기처분단계를 포함하였으며, 환경영향은 Life Cycle Impact Assessment(LCIA) 방법론을 이용하여 단일 환경영향으로 $CO_2$ 배출량을 평가하고, 영향 범주를 확대하여 8대 지구 환경영향 및 방사능 영향을 포함한 환경영향에 대하여 평가를 수행하였다. 평가 결과, 원자력발전시스템이 화력발전시스템보다 $CO_2$ 배출량 평가에서는 10,000배, 8대 환경영향범주에 대한 평가에서는 90배, 방사능을 고려한 환경영향 평가결과에서는 40배의 환경적 우위를 나타내어 환경영향범주 확대와 방사능 포함여부에 따라 원자력발전의 친환경성이 크게 달라짐을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.625-635
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• 2004

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of gastric cancer couples in Korea and to generate a substantive theory integrating the experiences of gastric cancer survivors and their spouses as a whole. The specific aims of this study were to explore major problems gastric cancer couples faced and how they resolved these problems, focusing on inter-relational dynamics within the couples and on similarities and differences between the couples. Methods. This was a secondary analysis study using grounded theory techniques. The study used the data of 11 married couples which was collected from in-depth interviews from two primary studies. The unit of analysis was dyads of gastric cancer survivors and their spouses. Results. The basic social psychological process that emerged from the analysis was 'taking charge of their health.' Major categories involved in this process were identified as 1) adjusting to new diets, 2) reinforcing physical strength, 3) seeking information, 4) strengthening Ki, 5) lowering life-expectations, and 6) going their separate ways. These six categories represent major strategies in overcoming critical problems that occurred in day-to-day experiences. In terms of the process, the first five categories characterize the earlier stage of the process of 'taking charge of their health,' while 'going their separate ways' indicates the later stage and also the beginning of their separate ways: 'pursuing spiritual life' for the survivors, and 'preparing for the future' for the spouses. Conclusions. The results of this study will help design family care for the people with gastric cancer by providing in-depth understanding and insight on the lives of gastric cancer couples.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.37-50
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to identify the gap between need-level and demonstration-level in nursing managerial competencies. In addition, the study proposes solutions to narrow this gap. The results of this study are as follows : 1) The mean score for need-level of each item was 4.0, and for demonstration-level, 3.5. This indicates that military hospital head nurses demonstrate a higher level of managerial competencies than the moderate level on all items. But items which were related to resource/ cost/ information managament, staff development management and professionalism management got relatively low ratings in the need-level. 2) The mean score for need-level of each category was 4.14, and for demonstration-level, 3.53. Categories on the individual dimension got a higher rating than categories on the group or organization dimension in both need-level and demonstration level. 3) The gap between need-level and demonstration-level appeared in all items(p<.05) and categories(p<.001). Although the gap was relatively low, it indicates that it is essential to plan a developmemt program for all nursing management competencies for military hospital head nurses. 4) There were significant differences in the gap between need-level and demonstration-level according to specific characteristics of the subjects. The gap did not appear in many categories on the individual dimension where the number of nursing staff was more than 10, a major grade, ICU head nurse or for head nurses having a long career. 5) Need-level and demonstration-level showed a difference according to specific characteristics of the subjects, because need-level and demonstration-level were higher where the number of nursing staff was more than 10, a major grade, and for ICU or Medical ward head nurses. The categories which showed need-level difference and demonstration-level differences according to specific characteristics of the subjects existed almostly completely in the group and organization dimension. Gap-level differences according to the number of hospital bed existed in only two categories. 6) The general causes of the gap were indicated to be 'Knowledge/ skill/ experience deficit', 'Limitation of rules and systems/ Inappropriate organizational environment' for most items, categories, and dimensions. The results of this study indicate that extensive competency developing strategies must be developed, because a gap was found in all items and categories. Specially, there is a need to concentrate attention on competencies in the group and organizational dimension which had a wider gap level. And it is important to take an individual approach according to the cause for each gap. In order to produce effective competency developing strategies, top managers must have sinsights into the importance of nursing staff development and nursing officer's efforts to develop themselves must be achieved. Further multi-dimensional(education, personnel-policy, nursing/ organizational environment) solutions to the gap must be developed and utilized.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.73-84
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to collect and analyze the KCD codes applied to the treatment of 27 postpartum women who had been treated with Korean traditional medicine in a Korean medicine hospital, so that this study may be used as a basic data for setting the direction of postpartum Korean medical treatment research. Methods: It was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ University medical center (IRB approval number : WSOH IRB H1708-02-01). Twenty-seven postpartum women who had been treated at ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ University medical center were received outpatient treatment for two weeks (from September 27, 2017 to January 5, 2018), and the KCD codes applied to the mothers were collected after obtaining the consent. On the day of registration of the study, the fertility, obstetric history and high-risk pregnancies were identified through an interview. Results: 1. The mean age of the 27 subjects was $33.33{\pm}3.99\;years$ old. Among the subjects, 17 mothers (63.0%) were high-risk pregnancy and 10 mothers (37.0%) were normal. 2. Among the 22 major disease categories, 8 categories were used. M code (musculoskeletal system) was used 243 times (70.85%), followed by R code (unclassified symptom) of 51 times (14.87%) and U code (special purpose code) of 23 times (6.71%). 3. The most commonly used code among the ten frequently used codes was M25.57 (joint pain, ankle and foot), a total of 47 times. Of the remaining nine codes, except for R60.1 (systemic edema) and U68.4 (The deficiency of yang in Bi), all codes were M codes (musculoskeletal system). 4. The M code (musculoskeletal system) was the most used major disease category in high-risk group, a total of 159 times. But in specific categories, the most commonly used code was R60.1 (systemic edema), a total of 28 times. 5. In normal group, the M code (musculoskeletal system) was the most used major disease category, a total of 84 times. Also, in specific categories, the most commonly used code was M25.57 (joint pain, ankle and foot), total 29 times. 6. The U code, corresponding to 'the diagnosis of childbirth and other obstetrical medical use', was used 23 times (6.71%), O code three times (0.87%) and Z code two times (0.58%), which was less than 10% of the total number of codes used. Conclusion: When analyzing KCD codes related to Korean medicine treatment for postpartum diseases, it is important to select the KCD codes that reflect the actual clinical state.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.191-199
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• 2010

Introduction of Technology-Based Effluent Limitations (TBELs) concepts into Korea requires extensive and through analyses on the expected pollutants reduction effects and the cost factor for the industry side. In addition, the TEBLs should be optimized for the regulatory environments of Korea and be applied in a progressive manner to minimize the undesirable effects. It is also necessary to assess the contribution of each industrial categories's to the pollution of natural water bodies to find the priority of TEBLs application. For these purposes, the pollution loads of various industrial categories were analyzed using risk assessment indicator based on Toxic Weighting Factors (TWFs). First, the TWFs were calculated for the pollutants regulated using the method adopted by USEPA. And the effluent characteristics of the eighty two categories of industry in Korea were investigated. Although the analytical data on the wastewater from different industrial categories are relatively limited, the results from two previous studies were used. The first study, conducted by the National Institute of Environmental Research in 2001~2004, investigated the wastewater characteristics from 255 industrial sources covering the major 20 industrial categories. The second study includes more recent analytical data for the wastewater from 500 industrial sources, covering all the 82 industrial categories. In the result of the pollution loads analyses, the category of 'Synthetic and Chemical manufacture' was found to show the highest raw pollution load. On the other hand the category of 'Ion & Steel manufacture' was found to show the highest effluent pollution loads, which can be considered as the real impacts on natural water streams. The top five categories occupied 62.2% of the total effluent pollution loads. Through the analyses, the relative importances of each industrial categories and the priorities of TEBL-based pollution reduction were determined.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.871-884
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• 2009

Gene expression profiling is a useful tool for identifying critical genes and pathways in metabolism. The objective of this study was to determine the major differences in the expression of genes associated with metabolism and metabolic regulation in liver and mammary tissues of lactating cows. We used the Michigan State University bovine metabolism (BMET) microarray; previously, we have designed a bovine metabolism-focused microarray containing known genes of metabolic interest using publicly available genomic internet database resources. This is a high-density array of 70mer oligonucleotides representing 2,349 bovine genes. The expression of 922 genes was different at p<0.05, and 398 genes (17%) were differentially expressed by two-fold or more with 222 higher in liver and 176 higher in mammary tissue. Gene ontology categories with a high percentage of genes more highly expressed in liver than mammary tissues included carbohydrate metabolism (glycolysis, glucoenogenesis, propanoate metabolism, butanoate metabolism, electron carrier and donor activity), lipid metabolism (fatty acid oxidation, chylomicron/lipid transport, bile acid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, steroid metabolism, ketone body formation), and amino acid/nitrogen metabolism (amino acid biosynthetic process, amino acid catabolic process, urea cycle, and glutathione metabolic process). Categories with more genes highly expressed in mammary than liver tissue included amino acid and sugar transporters and MAPK, Wnt, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. Real-time PCR analysis showed consistent results with those of microarray analysis for all 12 genes tested. In conclusion, microarray analyses clearly identified differential gene expression profiles between hepatic and mammary tissues that are consistent with the differences in metabolism of these two tissues. This study enables understanding of the molecular basis of metabolic adaptation of the liver and mammary gland during lactation in bovine species.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.322-335
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• 2019

Objectives: The goal of this study is to standardize industry, process, and job within work environment measurement information. Methods: We selected 180 work environment measurement reports on 30 industries from a database monitored from 2014 to 2016 by the Korea Industrial Health Association. Ten industrial hygienists, each with over five years of experience in measurement, conducted a primary standardization of 180 reports. Two professional industrial hygienists with more than 20 years of experience each reviewed and revised the results of the primary standardization. We also examined the validity on the usefulness of the standardized database by the two industrial hygienists. Results: The final standardization results were classified into eight major categories, 23 sub-major categories, 39 minor categories, 53 unit categories and 70 sub-unit categories in the Korean Standard Industrial Classification (KSIC) 10th revision. A total of 161 processes were standardized, and there were 148 processes with K2B codes. Standard job was coded into 13 job groups including operator, automobile maintenance, nurse, maintenance, manager, excavating machine operator, forklift driver, radiologist, clinical pathologist, signer, researcher, kitchen assistant, and concrete reinforcement ironworker. Conclusions: Although the standardized information in this study may be only a part of the total information, it can be useful for improvement of the K2B system. Additional research is needed for an ongoing clean-up of data in the K2B and re-calibration and reclassification of standard processes until the future national exposure monitoring system is fully established.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.281-291
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• 2009

In Total Water Pollutant Load Management System of Korea, unit load approach based on land register data is currently used for the estimation of non-point pollutant load. However, a problem raised that land register data could not always reflect the actual land surface coverages which determine runoff characteristics of non-point pollution sources. As a way to overcome this, we tried to establish quantitative relationships between the aerial images (0.4m resolution) which reflect actual land surface coverages and the land registration maps according to the 19 major designated land-use categories in Kyeongan watershed. Analyses showed different relationships according to the land-use categories. Only a few land-use categories including forestry, road and river showed essentially identical and some categories such as orchard, parking lot and sport utility site showed no relationships at all between image data and land register data. Except for the two cases, all the other categories showed statistically significant linear relationships between image data and land register data. The analyses indicate that using high resolution aerial maps is a better way to estimate non-point pollutant load. If the aerial maps are not available, application of the linear relationships as conversion factors of land register data to image data could be an possible option to estimate non-point pollutant loads for the specific land-use categories in Kyeongan watershed.

• 기술혁신학회지
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• 제8권spc1호
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• pp.410-432
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• 2005

Korea's government-sponsored research institutes (GRIs) have contributed a lot to the economic development of Korea. They have become major components of the Korean national innovation system. However, in these days, they have been blamed for low productivity and inefficiency, as well as insufficient contribution to national development. This paper argues that the major problem of Korea's GRIs lies in their concentration in a few regions, e. g. Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Daedeok. It argues that they should be fairly distributed among regions in order to contribute to the development of Korea effectively. In this regard, this paper explores the relevant policy options to effectively distribute Korean GRIs among regions. It suggests two categories of distribution scenarios. The first category is based on the types of GRIs to be distributed. This category has three scenarios: existing GRIs, branch institutes of existing GRIs, and new GRIs. The second category is based on the jurisdiction of GRIs. It has also three scenarios: GRI system as an independent sector, GRI-university cooperation system, and integration of GRIs to regional universities. These scenarios have advantages and disadvantages, respectively. Therefore, we must find a rather satisfactory scenario based on the mixture of scenarios of both categories.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.233-247
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• 2003

This research was conducted to analyze the difference of perception of employee-feeding foodservice according to the types of foodservice. To survey the perception of employee-feeding foodservice among customers, the questionnaire consisted of the perception of employee-feeding foodservice. The questionnaires were sent to randomly selected customers of employee-feeding foodservice 120 each at two public organizations, two companies and two colleges, SPSS was used for descriptive analysis, computing Cronbach's Alpha value and Anova test. 678 of users of self-managed foodservices, and 660 of contracted foodservices, total 1,338 answered for the survey. Among them 67.9%(69.9% at self-managed foodservices, 65.9% at contracted foodservices) were male and 32.1%(30.1% at self-managed foodservices, 34.1% at contracted foodservices) were female. As for the age group, twenties were the major with 48.5% at self-managed foodservices, 56.2% at contracted foodservices. For the reason of visiting cafeteria low price was answered by 40.9% at self-managed foodservices, while approachable location were ranked first by 45% at contracted foodservices. Foodservice perception evaluation of foodservice in four categories showed significant differences: quality of the foods(p<0.001), sanitation(p<0.05), tangibility(p<0.001), empathy(p<0.05). Among the four categories tangibility(2.80$\pm$0.69) showed the highest perception at self-managed foodservices, while at contracted foodservices quality of foods (2.82$\pm$0.61) was with highest recognition.