• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.228-232
• /
• 1994

The influence of temperature, soil depth, burial duration, and soil moisture on the germination and viability of Galium spurium L. was studied in field and laboratory. Germination and maturing date were Oct. 20 and May 30, respectively. 1000 seed weight was 1.478g and seed color was dark brown. Optimum storage temperature to break dormancy was that $5^{\circ}C$, and germination rate of $10^{\circ}C$ was 81%, seed was not germinated at $20^{\circ}C$ or greater than $20^{\circ}C$. Optimum burial depth was 2cm and emergence rate was 40%. As bural duration in upland was longer, germination rate was increased, but buried seed of paddy land was died in a month. Optimum soil moisture content for germination was 25.3% in sand loam soil however seeds were not germinated above 43.6% or below 2.1%.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.67-76
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was to suggest the growth characteristics, seasonal anthesis distribution and botanical composition of wildflower pasture. The experimental wildflower were 34 species (1 turfgrass species, 4 native wildflower species and 29 introduced wildflower species). The experiment were administered in the Chungnam National University experimental field from March, 2008 to December, 2009 and the result is as follows: the wildflower length were within the range of 8-60 cm and their up-and-down space arrangement quite good. They bloomed into several colors of nine but one or three of nine colors were biased during August, September, and October. Their anthesis was biased toward May and June, and their seasonal distribution and permanence maintenance were too difficult from August and moreover two years later (2009) because of the decrease of the botanical distribution of annual wildflower after winter, the color, seasonal distribution, and permanence of wildflower became a problem. The botanical composition of wildflower, turf grass, and weeds came to 24%, 62%, and 14% each one year later (2008) and two years later (2009) 16%, 69%, and 15% each. Being grounded upon this result, in case of wildflower pasture of spring seeding, it is more important to maintain the color, seasonal distribution, and permanence of wildflower two years later than in the establishment year.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.10-23
• /
• 1997

This study was carried out to determine distribution and tuberization characteristics of tubers of water chestnut(Eleocharis Kuroguwai Ohwi) which is a dominant weed species and diffult to control during 1993 to 1994. By early planting of E. kuroguwai tubers, more and heavier tubers were developed, but the tubers were tended to distribute at the upper soils. Large proportion of tubers was remained at the upper 0 to 10cm soil layer and a few tubers were formed below 20cm. Tubers developed earlier tended to be at deeper layer, while later developed tubers were at upper layers. Tuber weight was increased from the surface to 20cm soil depths, but that formed below 20cm was almost same. No tillage resulted in more tuber formation which were distributed at upper soil layers when compared to conventional tillage. Cool water irrigation pumped from ground water resulted in less tuberization but smaller tubers when compared to control. Shading with color cellophan films resulted in smaller tuber formation with lower in sprouting percentage. Among the films tested, the most significant effect was obtained with green color.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.102-109
• /
• 1986

To know the ecological pattern of bulrush (Scirpus juncoides) seeds in dormancy-breaking responses as affected by different ripening processes, storage conditions, germination conditions, and some of known chemicals concerned, the study was conducted. Among other conditions detected, the burial in 2 cm depth paddy soil, $5^{\circ}C$ storage temperature, pre-maturing process (Green color), high concentration of chemicals used, and flooding paddy surfaces were the most efficient conditions for bulrush seeds to break dormancy and germinate, respectively.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.129-139
• /
• 2004

This study conducted to find out the best way to prolong green period of Zoysiagrass and Cool-season grass from 1999 to 2001 in Korea. Treatments were control, vinyl, black shade net, green shade net, black shade net+vinyl, green shade net+vinyl, vinyl+black shade net, and vinyl+green shade net for Zoysiagrass. For cool-season grass, treatments were control, non-punched vinyl and punched vinyl. Data on temperature, light intensity, humidity, leaf color and chlorophyll were collected. Plot size was 2 by 2 and the experiment was conducted using completely randomized design with three replication. Zoysiagrass Green period of Zoysiagrass depended on temperature and light intensity than humidity. Effective method of prolongation of green period in Zoysiagrass was to covered it with vinyl during early October to early November, and then using vinyl+black shade net from end of November. Cool-season grass Effective method of prolongation of green period in Cool-season grass was by covering it with vinyl during mid-November to mid-December, and then using vinyl+black shade net from end of December.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.103-113
• /
• 2005

This study was conducted to improve the green up of zoysiagrass(2. japonica) and cool-season grass($80\%$ Kentucky bluegrass+$20\%$ Perennial ryegrass) during early spring in Korea. Treatments fur zoysiagrass were control, Polyethylene film, Black screen, Black screen+polyethylene film, Green screen+polyethylene film, Polyethylene film+Black screen, Polyethylene film+Green screen, low mowing height(1.5-2cm) and homing. For cool-season grass, non-punched Polyethylene film, punched Polyethylene film treatments were included. Application dates of covering with Polyethylene film were Feb. 22, Feb. 28, March 7, and March 14. Green up was evaluated by visual color rating. The results are as follows; 1. The best method for improving green up of zoysiagrass were Polyethylene film and optimal covering day for zoysiagrass was on Feb. 22. 2. Low mowing height(1.5-2cm) and burning of zoysiagrass showed the faster greening 1$\sim$weeks before than control. .3 Non-punched Polyethylene film covering was best to improve green up of cool-season grass. More time of covering time with cool-season grass induces rapid green up.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.7-17
• /
• 1987

The experiment with two levels of nitrogen (0. and 300kg / ha / year) and two levels of clipping height (1.5cm and 4cm) was conducted on the field during the period 3 June to 23 October 1985. Clonal lines of korean lawngrass ( Zoysia japonica Steud.) and manilagrass ( Zoysia matrella ( L.) Merr.)of Daejon origin were established in June, as individual clone in rows 30cm apart with a 40cm spacing between clones, actually 4 clones each plot. The results obtained were as follows : 1. When no nitrogen was applied to korean lawngrass, leaf blade which appeared during the August / early September period remained green for a period of about 10 weeks and even leaves emerged in late September lived for 42 days. However, leaf longevity did not exceed 8 weeks as nitrogen was applied. In contrast the leaf longevity of manilagrass which emerged during the mid - August / early September period was 11 weeks and, under the nitrogen applied, 9 weeks, indicating that the life - saen of individual leaf of manilagrass may be longer than that of korean lawngrass. Meanwhile, clipping height had no effect on the leaf longevity in both grasses. 2. During the July / August period, tiller number, green leaf number and DM weight of korean lawngrass were increased significantly with fertilizer nitrogen, but were not with two levels of clipping height. This trend was reversed after late September : no effect of nitrogen was appeared. Instead, lax clipping increased tiller number, green leaf number and DM weight. Green leaves stimulated by lax clipping resulted in the occurrance of more dead leaves in late October. 3. The increase of tiller number, green leaf number, and DM weight of korean lawngrass due to nitrogen application appeared to be of significance in early September. Unlike korean lawngrass, however, this significant increase was maintained to late October when new green leaves still emerge. Clipping height had little effect on the growth of manilagrass by early September, but since then, lax clipping stimulated leaf appearance, possibly resulting in a remained green color of manilagrass turf. 4. Among the stolons outgrown until early September, the primary stolon was not influenced by nitrogen and clipping treatments to produce only 2 - 3 stolons. However, 1st branch stolon as affected by nitrogen increased significantly, so most of stolons which occurred consisted of 1st branch stolon. 5. Until early September, stolon length obtained at nil nitrogen level was chiefly caused by lengthening the primary stolons. By applying nitrogen the primary stolons of korean lawngrass was longer than 1st branch stolons when severe clipping was involved and in turn, shorter than 1st branch stolons when lax clipping was concerned. In manilagrass, 1st branch stolons were much longer than the primary stolons when turf was clipped severely but in conditions of lax clipping, there was little difference in length between primary and 1st branch stolons. 6. Stolon nodes of both korean lawngrass and manilagrass were positively influenced by nitrogen, but no particular increases by imposing clipping height treatment was marked in manilagrass. Although the stolon of korean lawngrass was grown until late october, the growth stimulated by nitrogen was not so remarkable as to exceed that a by nil N. 7. The thickness of korean lawngrass and manilagrass was greatest in late September, but that of manilagrass did not differ significantly from that in late October. 8. The response of stolon length of korean lawngrass to lax clippings was not so great in late October as to that to severe clippings. On the other hand, the positive effect of lax clippings to stolon length in m anilagrass was confirmed even in late October.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.352-361
• /
• 1992

The identification of the stoneworts, euglenoids and diatoms which were collected from paddy rice fields was conducted in 1991. In the division Charophyta. Chara braunii Gmelin was identified. Two species in the genus Euglena, 1 species in the genus Phacus and 3 species in the genus Trachelomonas were identified in the division Eugrenophyta. The total number of species identified as the diatoms was 21 species in 6 families including 5 species in the Coscinodiscaceae, 3 species in the Fragilariaceae, 1 species in the Achanthaceae, 9 species in the Naviculaceae, 1 species in the Cymbellaceae and 2 species in the Nitzschiaceae. Generally, a concentrated population of Eulgena on paddy water caused green water blooms, but the color of the water blooms at the cyst formation stage was changed to red. In soil flakes with brown tint, the diatoms belonging to the order Pennales were numerous in microscopic view.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.291-300
• /
• 2010

This study was carried out in the Chungnam National University grassland experimental field from October, 2007 to December, 2009 in order to find out the growth characteristics of the wildflowers, the seasonal anthesis distribution of the wildflowers and the botanical composition of the wildflowers which were altogether composed of 50% sheep fescue and 50% wildflowers. The experimental species contained 34 species in total consist of sheep fescue (fundamental turfgrass), 4 native wildflowers, and 29 introduced wildflowers belonged. At the time of the anthesis of the wildflowers, the average length was 30.0 cm one year later and 35.6 cm two years later. They bloomed out into ten colors, but into simplified colors during August, September, and October. The peak of the blooming was May and June and blooming pattern leant from August to October. Especially, at the age of two (2009) the color, seasonal distribution, and consistency emerged as problems owing to the reduction of annual wildflowers after winterization. The annual botanical composition of wildflowers, sheep fescue, and weed came to 28%, 55%, and 17% each one year later (2008) and 24%, 60%, and 17% each two years later (2009). Based on this result, cultivating wildflower grassland (sheep fescue 50% + wildflowers 50%) is the proper method for making up such flatlands as parks and riversides in a short period (one year) for the purpose of commanding a fine view.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.227-236
• /
• 2010

This study was carried out in order to find out the growth characteristics, the seasonal anthesis distribution and the botanical composition of the wildflower pastures which were altogether composed of 90% sheep fescue and 10% wildflowers in the Chungnam National University experimental field from October, 2007 to December, 2009. The experimental species contained 34 species in total consisting of sheep fescue (fundamental turfgrass), 4 native wildflowers, and 29 induced wildflowers belonged. At the time of the anthesis of the wildflowers, the average length was 28.7 cm one year later and 36.7 cm two years later. They bloomed out into from six to nine colors, but into one or three colors during August, September, and October. The blooming season leant toward May and June, and from August, there was lots of difficulty in the wildflower blooming and the maintenance of their consistency. Especially, at the age of two (2009) the color, seasonal distribution, and consistency emerged as problems owing to the reduction of annual wildflowers after winterization. The annual botanical composition of wildflowers, sheep fescue, and weeds came to 22%, 68%, and 10% each one year later (2008) and 19%, 72%, and 9% each two years later (2009). Based on this result, cultivating wildflower in grassland (90% sheep fescue and 10% wildflowers) is the proper method not only for maintaining green space, to prevent soil erosion by sheep fescue, but also for commanding a fine view of wildflowers.