• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.555-563
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• 2000

Objective : In order to know the antibacterial effects of Kyungok-go against Mycobacteria tuberculosis, Methods : In this study, I inverstigated these effects in terms of combination of other antibiotics with and without Kyungok-go on several different media conditions. Results: On Ogawa medium, Kyungok-go of the $10{\mu}/ml$ concentration showed the anti-Mycobacteria tuberculosis activity against antibiotic drug-sensitive strain. On Middle-blue medium, Kyungok-go of the $10{\mu}/ml$ concentration showed the anti-Mycobacteria tuberculosis activity against antibiotic drug-sensitive strain. Kyungok-go showed the anti mycobacteria tuberculosis activity with the meaningful result above a certain concentration. The resistance against M, tuberculosis as the concentration of Kyungok-go was decreased significantlly on the high concentration($500{\mu}/ml$) When rifampicin and Kyungok-go were used together, the resistance was decreased with the statistical significance as to the persistant antibacterial effect against M. tuberculosis, When ciprofloxacin and Kyungok-go were used together, the resistance was decreased with the statistical significance as to the persistant antibacterial effect against M. tuberculosis, The combination of treatment, Kyungok-go with both rifampicin and ciprofloxacin, showed much better antibacterial effect against M, tuberculosis than antibiotics alone. Conclusions : This study shows that Kyungok-go has antibacterial effect against M. tuberculosis and in the combination of treatment, Kyungok-go with antibiotics, showed much better antibacterial effect against M. tuberculosis than antibiotics alone,.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.177-187
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine tuberculosis-related knowledge, attitude and preventive behaviors of middle school students and to investigate socio-demographic and health-related factors. Methods: 198 male and 188 female middle school students in M city were recruited for the survey. Independent sample t-test, One-way ANOVA and $Scheff{\acute{e}}^{\prime}s$ test and Pearson's correlation were performed to examine factors associated with tuberculosis-related knowledge, attitude and preventive behaviors. Results: The percentage of correct answers to questions testing tuberculosis-related knowledge was very low, 33%. The mean scores of attitude and preventive behaviors were 3.02 and 2.90 out of 4 (highest score), respectively. Middle school students who had experiences of health education or tuberculosis-related education showed significantly higher scores than their counterparts in all factors - knowledge, attitude, and preventive behaviors. Parental education, academic achievement, smoking, sleeping time, infectious disease education, and source of tuberculosis information were associated with knowledge, attitude, and preventive behaviors. Knowledge about tuberculosis had a positive correlation with attitude and preventive behaviors. Conclusion: The level of tuberculosis-related knowledge, attitude, and preventive behaviors was very low among middle school students. In addition, school health education was highly related to a higher level of knowledge, attitude, and preventive behaviors regarding tuberculosis. Therefore, to intensify students' preventive behaviors against tuberculosis and other infection diseases, sustainable school health education should be provided for middle school students who are at risk of developing tuberculosis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.619-624
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• 2005

Background : The drug resistance rate in tuberculosis patients with history of chemotherapy is an important indicator of for evaluation of appropriateness of treatment regimens and compliance of patients. This study examined the long-term changes in the drug resistance rates among TB patients failed in treatment or reactivated. Methods : The results of drug susceptibility testing data from patients registered in health centers from 1981 to 2004 were analyzed. Results : The rate of resistance to isoniazid decreased from 90% to 20%, and the resistance to ethambutol decreased from 45% to 6%. The rate of resistance to rifampicin varied from 13% to 28% and the resistance to pyrazinamide was 5% to 10%. Multidrug resistance was about 2-3% lower than any rifampicin resistance rates. The second-line drug resistance was ranged from 1% to 3%. There was no difference between patients' genders. Patient numbers per 100,000 population increased with age. The regional distribution was even at 4-6 patients per 100,000 population, and drug resistance rates were significantly lower in big city areas than in small towns and rural areas. Conclusion : The rates of resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from TB patients with history of chemotherapy to isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and isoniazid plus rifampin were significantly decreased during over two decades.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.600-605
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• 2005

Background : Primary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is defined as Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates that are resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin in never-been-treated tuberculosis patients, and this malady is caused by the transmission of a resistant strain from one patient, who is infected with a resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain, to another patient. The prevalence of primary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis could be a good indicator of the performance of tuberculosis control programs in recent years. We conducted a case-control study to identify the risk factors for primary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Methods : From January 1, 2001 to, June 30, 2003, by conducting prospective laboratory-based surveillance, we identified 29 hospitalized patients with P-MDRTB and these patients constituted a case group in this study. The controls were represented by all the patients with culture-confirmed drug susceptible tuberculosis who were admitted to National Masan Hospital during the same study period. The odds ratios for the patients with primary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, as compared with those of the patients with drug susceptible tuberculosis, were calculated for each categorical variable with 95% confidence intervals. Results : Multivariate logistic regression showed that the presence of diabetes mellitus (odds ratio 2.68; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-6.86) was independently associated with having primary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Conclusion : This study has shown that diabetes mellitus might be one of the risk factors for primary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.68 no.6
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• pp.328-333
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• 2010

Background: There are several active tuberculosis (TB) cases in Korean high schools each school year. The risk of transmission in schools is extremely high due to the considerable time spent in closed classrooms. We evaluated the control of latent tuberculosis infection in Korean high schools. Methods: When a student was identified with active TB, tuberculin skin testing was performed on their classmates and on students in their same school grade. When a student had a positive tuberculin skin tests (TST), they underwent follow-up testing with QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT). The manufacturer recommended a cut-off of 0.35 IU/mL to determine QFT positivity was applied. Results: A total of 131 pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients were included based on the criteria for screening TB contacts in the National Tuberculosis Control Program. Seventy-five (57.2%) students tested smear positive. TST were performed on 7,109 students who were classmates of, or in the same grade as, a TB patient. Of the contacts, 1,231 students (17.3%) were TST positive and they were screened with QFT. Six hundred-sixty-six (55.0%) of the tested students returned a positive QFT result and the rate of positivity was significantly associated with the increasing size of TST indurations (p<0.0001). Conclusion: The use of QFT resulted in approximately 45% of TST positive students not being given chemoprophylaxis.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.301-304
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• 2002

Is a multiple number of sputum specimens necessary for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis? To answer this question, 6844 respiratory specimens obtained from previously untreated patients suspected of having pulmonary tuberculosis between 1998 and 2001 were evaluated retrospectively. All of the specimens were evaluated by acid fast bacilli smear and BACTEC 460 TB culture system. A total of 785 (11%) specimens from 353 patients were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. For 76% (270/353) of these patients the organism was detected from sputum specimens collected sequentially for daily basis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated in the first, second and third samples of the majority (98%,195/199) of patients who had three or more sputum samples sent to the laboratory. Our results indicate that, we could carry out Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolation in the first, second and third sputum samples of the overwhelming majority of the patients and the diagnostic value of four or more sputum specimens submitted to the laboratory was very low (2%). We recommend that, for definitive and cost-effective diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis at least three sequential sputum specimens be collected for all patients suspected pulmonary tuberculosis.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.352-360
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• 2004

Tuberculosis, one of the oldest diseases known to affect humans, is caused by bacteria belonging to the Mycobacterium luberculosis complex. The diseases usually affects the lungs, although in up to one-third of cases other organs are affected. If properly treated, tuberculosis caused by drug-susceptible strains is curable in virtually all cases. If untreated, the disease may be fatal within 5 years in more than half of cases. Transmission usually takes place through the airborne spread of droplets of nuclei produced by patients with infectious pulmonary tuberculosis. Two patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis and one with Tuberculous Meningitis were recently examined. The changes in these patient's symptoms through both western medical treatment and oriental medical treatment are reported.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.78 no.3
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• pp.286-288
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• 2015

Endobronchial tuberculosis is defined as a tuberculous infection of the tracheobronchial tree and has a prevalence of up to 50% in active pulmonary tuberculosis cases. The most common complication of endobronchial tuberculosis is bronchial stenosis; benign fistula formation by endobronchial tuberculosis is rare, especially inter-bronchial fistula formation. We reported a rare case of a 73-year-old woman with a fistula between the right upper bronchus and bronchus intermedius. A diagnosis of inter-bronchial fistula caused by endobronchial tuberculosis was based on the results of chest computed tomography scans, bronchoscopy, and microbiological and pathological tests. The patient was treated with anti-tuberculous medication, and her symptoms gradually improved.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.74 no.3
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• pp.104-110
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• 2013

Background: Notified tuberculosis (TB) cases in Korea have not decreased over the last decade (2001-2010). Methods: To clarify the reasons, we analyzed an annual report on notified tuberculosis patients and age-specific population drift in Korea. Results: Compared to the age-specific notified TB cases between 2001 and 2010, distinctive features in notified TB cases and new cases increased markedly in people aged 45-54 years and in patients over 65 years old, whereas those between 15-34 years in 2010 decreased drastically. In particular, notified TB individuals over 65 years old occupied 29.6% of the cases in 2010, which was 1.5 times higher than that in 2001. The main reason not to decrease in notified TB patients for the last decade (2001-2010) was due to the increasing elderly population as well as the aging of baby boomers, which have a higher risk of TB development. Conclusion: Korea needs to pay attention to the older population in order to successfully decrease the burden of TB in the future.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.3519-3533
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• 2020

Tuberculosis is a chronic and delayed infection which is easily experienced by young people. According to the statistics of the World Health Organization (WHO), there are nearly ten million fell ill with tuberculosis and a total of 1.5 million people died from tuberculosis in 2018 (including 251000 people with HIV). Tuberculosis is the largest single infectious pathogen that leads to death. In order to help doctors with tuberculosis diagnosis, we compare the tuberculosis classification abilities of six popular convolutional neural network (CNN) models in the same data set to find the best model. Before training, we optimize three parts of CNN to achieve better results. We employ sigmoid function to replace the step function as the activation function. What's more, we use binary cross entropy function as the cost function to replace traditional quadratic cost function. Finally, we choose stochastic gradient descent (SGD) as gradient descent algorithm. From the results of our experiments, we find that Densenet121 is most suitable for tuberculosis diagnosis and achieve a highest accuracy of 0.835. The optimization and expansion depend on the increase of data set and the improvements of Densenet121.