• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.597-605
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• 2000

This study was investigated to compare the volatile flavor components in fuji, tsugaru, hongro and jonathan (Malus pumila M.). In the results of analyzing the volatie components of four varieties apples with GC-FID and GC/MS, 100, 68, 85 and 94 volatiles were identified in fuji, tsugaru, hongro and jonathan apples, respectively. Hexanal, butanol, (E)-2-hexenal, hexanol,3-methy-1-butanol, ethy1actate, ethyl butyrate, 2-methybutyl acetate and hexy1 acetate were major flavor components in the four varieties of apple, though there were several differences in composition of colatiles.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.529-533
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• 2006

To produce fresh-cut fruit products of high quality, the combined effects of postharvest calcium and heat treatment on Tsugaru apple were examined. Whole fruits were treated for 20 min at three different conditions: dipping in 3% $CaCl_2$ solution at $45^{\circ}C$ or ambient temperature, or in heated water at $45^{\circ}C$. The calcium content of the apples dipped in $CaCl_2$ solution at $45^{\circ}C$ was higher than that of the control and the non-heated calcium dipping. The fruits with calcium and heat treatment showed the same pattern of respiration rates as the control did during storage. The browning degree of the apple slices increased to approximately 3% after one-day storage, but no significant difference was observed between the treated and untreated apples. The fruits with $CaCl_2$ solution dipping at $45^{\circ}C$ had higher firmness than those with calcium dipping or heat treatment alone.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.943-948
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• 2003

Variation of the polar front in the East Sea is studied using temperature and dissolved oxygen data obtained from Japan Meteorological Agency from 1972 to 1999. Variation of the polar front in the East Sea has a close relation to the variation of the Tsushima Warm Current (TWC). When the TWC spreads widely in the East Sea, polar front moves northward. The spatial variation of the polar front is greater in the southwestern area of the East Sea and the northern area of Tsugaru Strait where the variation of the TWC's distribution area is greater than those in others of the East Sea. Hence, in the southeastern area of the East Sea, that is, between near Noto peninsula and Tsugaru Strait, the spatial variation of the polar front is not so wide as in the southwestern area because the flow of TWC is stable.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 1998

This study was conducted to develop an appropriate postharvest technique to extend the shelf-life of an early cultivar, 'Tsugaru' apples. The general quality of stored fruit was more affected by maturity at harvest than postharvest treatments. When firmness and internal quality were considered, fruits harvested at the medium stage of color development showed better results. Between postharvest treatments examined in this study, a simple polyethylene film(PE) wrapping (30um) was excellent on inhibition of weight loss but this treatment revealed no clear effect on other quality factors including firmness and acidity. Ethylene scrubber(ES) in polyethylene wrapping showed a positive effect on keeping fruit quality in general. Especially acid content was higher in fruit stored with PE + ES, thus, fruit seemed to be better in freshness. A physiological disorder was observed regardless postharvest treatments. The symptom was associated with incidence of pitting on surface and breakdown of the effected tissue. And much more symptoms were developed near the calyx end. Thus, future studies concerning 'Tsugaru' storage should include an examination of the optimum storage temperature.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2021

Two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is one of the major pests in apple orchards. TSSM was known to show different population dynamics depending on apple cultivars. We tested the host plant preference and fitness of TSSM on the leaves of 3 apple cultivars, Fuji, Tsugaru, and Hongro. TSSM showed higher behavioral preference to Fuji than Tsugaru and Hongro, and showed a higher fecundity in Fuji. The immature development of this mite was the shortest in Fuji and longest in Hongro. Total fecundities were not significantly different among cultivars, but daily fecundity was higher and longevity was lower in Fuji. Hongro was the less preferred cultivar for TSSM, and showed the lowest fitness by life table parameters. These results could explain the possible mechanisms of differential population dynamics among apple cultivars. Further study including diverse apple cultivars currently available in Korea could help to deploy time- and cultivar- specific IPM tactics.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.922-927
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• 2005

Total and individual organic acid contents of Malus domestica Borkh, cultivars, Tsugaru, Fuji Jonathan (Hong-Ok), and New Jonagold(Sin-Heung) apples, were investigated. Average titratable acidities measured by titration method and total organic acids content determined by HPLC were 241.64-444.52 and 364.23-680.80mg%, respectively. Average total organic acid contents were Jonathan 630.80mg%, New Jonagold 471.04mg%, Fuji 403.80mg%, and Tsugaru 364.23mg%, Contents of DL-malic, citric, fumaric, and quinic acid were 351.98 (Tsugaru)-579.88mg% (Jonathan), 2.14 (Fuji)-12.95mg% (Jonathan), 0.012 (Fuji)-0.060mg% (Jonathan), and 8.91 (Tsugaru)-14.20mg% (Fuji), respectively. Succinic acid was detected only from Jonathan (27.53mg%) and New Jonagold (5.20mg%), while maleic acid was not detected from all cultivars. Ratio of L-malic acid and DL-malic acid contents were 0.98-1.02 in all apple cultivars.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.403-411
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• 2012

Among others, a question that has long been unanswered is why the seasonal variation of volume transport is larger in the Soya and Korea/Tsushima Straits than in the Tsugaru Strait. An attempt is made to answer this question in terms of the island rule with friction being taken into account. The problem is idealized as a simple model. The model results indicate that volume transport through a channel is determined not only by the circulation created around the adjacent island but also by those created around the neighboring islands farther away. The latter is due to the presence of bottom friction in the channels. The volume transports through the Korea/Tsushima, Tsugaru and Soya Straits estimated from the model using observed wind data show the general pattern of observed seasonality, although they contain large errors associated with the uncertain frictional parameter employed in the model. The model indicates that the observed seasonality arises essentially from the fact that wind stress curl changes its sign, from negative in the summer to positive in winter, following a large fluctuation of zero-stress curl latitude east of Hokkaido.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.71-75
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• 2000

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of fruit quality, ethylene evoluoon and storage in apple 'Tsugaru' as influenced by aminoethoxyvinylglycine(AVG) and several surfactants. When treated with AVG+Silwet L-77, there were few significant differences in soluble solid and acidity as compared with control, but dichlorprop treatment significantly increased in soluble solid and decreased in acidity. Color development was decreased when treated with AVG+Silwet L-77. AVG+Silwet L-77 treatment decreased in ethylene evolution, and increased in storage. It can be concluded that fruit can be left in trees longer and still maintain storage, and more fruit is able to go to fresh market into long-term storage, which increase the market-ability of apple.

• Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.59-62
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• 2001

The starch content of apples, which is related to the maturity and ripeness, was quantified by using a computer vision system. The stained area was measured by image analysis when an apple slice was stained with KI/I$_2$ solution. The ratio of stained area of the apple slice to its whole area, so called the starch index, was defined as an indicator of the starch content. When Tsugaru apples were manually sorted into immature, turing and mature groups, their starch indices were 0.374, 0.312 and 0.129, respectively. The starch index had relationships to various physicochemical properties of Tsugaru apples. At the statistically significant level of 0.1%, it was correlated with the pH value, bio-yield force, rupture force and color of intact and skin-removed apples. At the 1% significant level, it had the correlation with the density and moisture content.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
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• 1997.05a
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• pp.23-27
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• 1997

Bio-Green(B.G.) functional water was manufactured by Kyungwon Enterprise Co. through a series of processes ; water longrightarrow ultra-purification longrightarrow adding catalysts longrightarrow energy imprinting fermenting with energized water + zeolite and others + photosynthetic bacteria in fermenter longrightarrow filtering. Control(0), 5 or 10 liters of B.G. functional water were supplied to the orchard soil under canopy of 10 year old 'Tsugaru'/M26 apple trees on March 20, May 20 and June 20, 1995, respectively. Some orchard soil characteristics, not only pH, but also Ca and Mg of exchangeable cations were increased by supply with B.G. functional water. However, P$_2$O$_{5}$, K, and B contents were not influenced by the treatment. At harvest time soluble solid content of flesh and anthocyanin of fruit skin were increased by the treatment. B.G. functional water treatment showed higher root activities, and photosynthesis of leaves than that of control. Also B.G. functional water treatment showed higher Ca content in fruit skin and flesh tissues, whereas not affected N, K, and Mg contents. During storage at 4$^{\circ}C$ cold room, the more volume of B.G. functional water supply showed lower bitter pit symptom. Respiration and ethylene evolution in fruit were decreased, while fruit firmness increased by the treatment during storage.e.