• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.188-192
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• 1991

Single non-lethal doses of chloroform $(CHCL_3)$ dichlorobromomethane $(CHCL_2Br)$, dibromochloromethane $(CHCIBr_2)$, or bromoform $(CHBr_3)$ were administered to male rats. Routes of exposure including single intraperitional (ip) and subcutaneous (sc) injection were used in order to permit comparison of severity of THM effects and renal toxicity was assessed at varied times following treatment. On an equimolar basis, sc administration of $CHBr_3$ (either 12 or 3 mmoles/kg) is more effective at increasing KW/BW than ip $CHCI_3$ treatment. Plasma urea nitrogen (BUN) following ip THM injections are markedly increased with all four THM at 24 hours post treatment. BUN response to $CHCL_2Br$ and $CHCIBr_3$-effected BUN levels have essentially returned to those of vehicle control. THM sc treatment results in a BUN response similar to that seen following ip treatment, with only the time course being different. With the exception of $CHCL_3$, sc and ip-treatments appear to be equally effective in evoking absolute BUN elevations. These results suggest that THM administration induce renal toxicity dependent upon the route or exposure.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.55-59
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• 2004

The effect of ozone on the formation and the removal of disinfection byproducts(DBPs) of chlorination process was studied to elucidate the performance of water treatment process. The samples of raw water, prechlorination process, and preozonation process were analyzed quantitatively according to the Standard Methods for the Examination of drinking water. As a result, most of total trihalomethanes(THMs) which were formed in prechlorine treatment process was not removed in the preozonation process. Most of haloacetic acids(HAAs), haloacetonitriles(HANs), and chloral hydrate(CH) was removed in sedimentation and biological activated carbon(BAC) filtration processes. However, DBPs were increased more or less by postchlorine step. In particular, the formation of THMs and HAAs depends on ozone more than chlorine, but, the formation of HANs and CH depends on chlorine more than ozone. The seasonal variation of DBPs concentration for the year needs to be investigated to study the temperature effect because DBPs strongly depend on temperature among various efficient factors.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1031-1041
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of disinfection by-products (DBPs-trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs) and haloacetonitriles (HANs) formation in chlorination of principal raw waters used for drinking water on Jeju Island, Korea. The domestic water supply of other area and humic acid solution (HA) were used as a reference point. The effects of chlorine contact time, solution temperature and pH on DBPs formation potential (DBPFP) were investigated for raw waters. In addition, the effect of $Br^-$ was studied for HA. The DBPFP (THMFP, HAAFP and HANFP) were increased with increasing chlorine contact time. Comparing the individual DBPFPs for raw waters, they decreased in the order of HAAFP > THMFP ${\geq}$ HANFP. As the solution temperature was increased, the THMFP, HAAFP and HANFP increased. With increasing the solution pH, the THMFP was increased, but HAAFP and HANFP were decreased. With the addition of 0.3 mg/L $Br^-$ for HA, the DBPFP was increased and the major chemical species changed: from trichloromethane to dibromochloromethane and tribromomethane for THMs; from dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid to tribromoacetic acid for HAAs; and from dichloroacetonitrile to dibromoacetonitrile for HANs.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.676-681
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• 2005

This study was researched for disinfection by-products (DBPs) by preozonation, prechlorination and/or postchlorination. DBPs including trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), halonitriles, and aldehydes were analyzed by the treatment steps of prechlorination, preozonation, sedimentation, filtration, and postchlorination comparatively. THMs were detected as $52.20{\mu}g/L$ after prechlorination and decreased during sedimentation and filtration process. The HAAs and aldehydes increased more during preozonaiton than prechlorination. However, chlorinated DBPs and aldehydes increased more by postchlorination. Chlorinated DBPs formed by preozonation increased 26% more than the chlorination process. If aldehydes were included in the total DBPs, DBPs increased up to 39% by preozonation. Preozonation could increase the removal efficiency of organic carbon during the coagulation and sedimentation processes. Ozonation might produce aldehydes that are not permitted for drinking water regulations. Also, DBPs were produced by preozonation than by chlorination. These results would bring a need for alternative disinfection studies to decrease DBPs.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.181-189
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• 2012

Trihalomethanes, produced as a result of chlorination of drinking water, are considered a potential health hazard. The trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) of a raw water source may indicate the maximum trihalomethanes (THMs) that are likely to be produced when chlorine reacts with natural organic matter (NOM) present in the water. A study was conducted to evaluate the THMFP in seven different drinking water sources in the vicinity of Kalpakkam, a rural township, on the east coast of India. Water from seven stations were analysed for THMFP. THMFP was compared with surrogate parameters such as dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ultraviolet absorbance ($UV_{254}$) and bromide. The data showed that THMFP was high in water from open wells as compared to closed bore wells, possibly due to more photosynthetic activity. Proximity to sea, and consequently the levels of bromide, was an important factor that influenced THM formation. THM surrogate parameters showed good correlation with THMFP.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.301-311
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• 2005

The characteristics of disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation at 28 water treatment plants in Korea were investigated. Investigated species of DBPs were trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs) and chloral hydrate (CH). The maximum concentration of THMs was $84.1{\mu}g/L$, minimum and the averages were $6.9{\mu}g/L$ and $27.8{\mu}g/L$, respectively; the maximum concentration of $HAA_5$ was $90.8{\mu}g/L$, minimum and the averages were $3.8{\mu}g/L$ and $26.7{\mu}g/L$, respectively; while the maximum concentration of CH was $29.5{\mu}g/L$, minimum and the averages were $0.5{\mu}g/L$ and $7.4{\mu}g/L$, respectively. On the other hand, DBPs levels during summer months, when the water temperature was near $25^{\circ}C$, were nearly twice as great as DBPs levels during the winter season. The ratio of $THMs/HAA_5$ was 1.07, and $HAA_5$ and THMs were the dominant species of DBPS in the Kum-Sumjin river and Nakdong river, respectivley.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.83-90
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of trihalomethane (THM) formation from chlorination of groundwater in the northeastern area of Cheju Island. Effects of total organic carbon (TOC) and bromide in groundwater on the THM formation were studied. Samples were taken from two regions withe altitude. The concentrations of TOC and bromide in groundwater were higher at the regions of lower altitude, especially at the altitude below 50m. Generally the THM formation in GA region containing a high TOC was higher than that in GB region containing a relatively high bromide. At the altitude below 100m, the formation of total and brominated THM was highest at GB region. The most part of THM formation was brominated THM at GB region. The formation ratio of chloroform and brominated THM was similar to the others. Among the brominated THM, dibromochloromethane and bromoform in GB region were containing high bromide. Bromodichloromethane and dibromochloromethane in GA region were containing low bromide. At the altitude above 200m, chloroform was formed mainly. Comparing the ratio of brominated THM of total THM in Cheju Island with that in other areas, Seoul and Pusan, it can be konwn that the former showing 51.3% was much higher than the latter showing 6.7% and 28.8%, respectively.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.79-88
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• 1983

There has been some evidence concerning the fact that trihalomethanes(THMs), toxic chlorinated compounds, may be present in drinking water. One of the important methodologies to evaluate the toxicity of THMs is to determine enzyme alteration in experimental animal tissues after treatment. This study was intended to investigate how lactic dehydrogenase(LDH) of rat tissues is affected by administration of chloroform($CHCl_3$) and dichloromonobromomethane($CHCl_2\;Br$). THMs, high dose(1/10 LD50) or low dose(1/50 LD50) of $CHCl_3$ or $CHCl_{2}Br$ were administered orally to experimental rats for 4 or 8 weeks. The treated groups of rats were sacrificed to determine LDH specific activity and isozyme pattern in various organs which were liver, thigh muscle, kidney and brain. The conclusions were obtained as follows: 1. Alteration of LDH activities and isozyme patterns were revealed before morphologic changes in tissues. 2. The LDH specific activities were increased significantly in liver and brain after administration of high concentrations of $CHCl_3$ and $CHCl_{2}Br$ for 4 weeks respectively. Otherwise, they were decreased significantly in liver, muscle and kidney after administration for 8 weeks. 3. The isozyme activities of LDH-4 and LDH-5 were increased in muscle, brain, and especially the liver. 4. It was more distinct for the decrement of LDH H-type isozyme than the increment of M-type isozyme in muscle.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2014

Trihalomethanes (THMs) are formed as a results of the reaction of residual chlorine, used as a disinfectant in drinking water, with the organic matter in raw water. Although chlorinated and brominated THMs are the most common disinfection byproducts (DBPs) reported, iodinated THMs (I-THMs) can be formed when iodide is present in raw water. I-THMs have been usually associated with several medicinal or pharmaceutical taste and odor problems and is a potential health concern since they have been reported to be more toxic than their brominated and chlorinated analogs. Currently, there is no published standard analytical method for I-THMs in water. An automated headspace-gas chromatography/electron capture detector (GC/ECD) technique was developed for routine analysis of 10 THMs including 6 I-THMs in water samples. The optimization of the method is discussed. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) range from 12 ng/L to 56 ng/L and from 38 ng/L to 178 ng/L for 10 THMs, respectively. Matrix effects in river water, sea water and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) final effluent water were investigated and it was shown that the method is suitable for the analysis of trace levels of I-THMs, in a wide range of waters. The method developed in the present study has the advantage of being rapid, simple and sensitive.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.216-226
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• 2006

Total trihalomethanes (THMs), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) that are the major disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are monitored continuously in drinking water in Seoul. Study on characteristics of DBPs is crucial to judge the safety of drinking water in Seoul. Analysis of THMs, haloacetonitriles (HANs), chloral hydrate (CH), and haloacetic acids (HAAs) was carried out in several distribution systems from January 2002 to December 2004. The concentration of THMs was 0.015 mg/L in purified water, 0.019 mg/L in tapwater by direct service, and 0.023 mg/L in tapwater through watertank, respectively. It might be due to the increased contact time with chlorine by a process of the distribution system. And the other DBPs show a tendency to increase in its concentration by a process of the distribution system. Also, in summer, the concentration of DBPs was higher than in spring and winter. It might be due to the higher temperature of water in summer. In all cases, the quantities of detected DBPs were 4-6 times lower than those of regulation limits of drinking water in Seoul. In view of these results, the tapwater in Seoul is good to drink it all the times.