• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.70-74
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• 2000

Most fatty acids in food matrices are triglyceride(TG) forms. Conjugated linoleic acid(CLA) produced from linoleic acid by microorganisms or chemicals is a free form. To apply the CLA to food systems, the TG containing CLA(designate CLA-TG) was synthesized by Lipozyme-catalyzed esterification method. An optimum reaction con-dition for the esterification of free CLA(FCLA) to glycerol by Lipozyme was determined as follows; Lipozyme(50mg) effectively catalyzed the esterification of CLA(500mg) to glycerol(1150mg) dissolved in isooctane (3ml) in a shaking incubator (200 rpm, 5$0^{\circ}C$) for 48 hr. Under the reaction condition, the resultant contained 52.4% CLA-TG as well as 31.1% Di-CLA-glycerol(CLA-DG), 7.6% mono-CLA-glycerol(CLA-MG), and 9.0% other CLA(un-reacted FCLA plus CLA dimer). These results suggest that the Lipozyme could be a useful enzyme for the production of CLA-TG to be employed in foods.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.59-65
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• 2010

In India, Tectona grandis is traditionally used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and lipid disorder. In the present study, the antihyperglycemic and lipid lowering effect of ethanolic extract of bark of Tectona grandis (TG) was evaluated using alloxan induced diabetes in rats. Alloxan was given at the dose of 140 mg/kg, i.p. After induction of diabetes, TG was administered for 42 days p. o. and simultaneously different biochemical parameters like plasma glucose, liver glycogen content, serum triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were estimated. Diabetic control showed significant increase (P < 0.01) in plasma glucose, serum triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and significant decrease (P < 0.01) in serum HDL-cholesterol and liver glycogen content. Treatment with TG showed significant reduction (P < 0.01) in plasma glucose when compared with diabetic control. The elevated levels of serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels were significantly reduced (P < 0.01) by TG. TG treatment for 42 days showed significant decrease in serum LDL-cholesterol (P < 0.01) and significant increase in serum HDL-cholesterol level (P < 0.01). Moreover, diabetic control there was significant decrease in liver glycogen content which was significantly increased (P < 0.05) by treatment with TG. Hence, from the result obtained in the present study it can be concluded that Tectona grandis has the potential to treat diabetes condition and associated lipid disorder.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.64-74
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution patterns of serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels and the influence of environmental and dietary factors in 201 healthy male subjects. The subjects were found to be 53.7% for the normal, 15.4% for the TC, 17.4% for TG and 13.5% for TC.TG group, respectively. Among general characteristics, smoking significantly affected serum lipid levels of subjects (p < 0.05). Among anthropometric factors, body weight, BMI and PIBW significantly influenced the blood lipid patterns. Body weight of TG group was significantly higher than that of normal group (p < 0.05). BMI and PIBW of TG group and TC.TG group were significantly higher than those of normal group (p < 0.05) . In addition, diastolic blood pressure of TG group was significantly higher than that of normal group (p < 0.05). For the food intake, average intake of fruit was significantly higher in normal group than that of TG group (p < 0.05). For nutrient intake, calcium intake was significantly higher in TC group than those of normal and TC.TG group (p <0.05). Intakes of vitamin $B_2$ and C were significantly higher in TC group than those of in TG group (p < 0.05). Serum HDL-cholesterol level was negatively related to meat, poultry, and their products (p <0.05), but serum total cholesterol level positively related to animal lipids (p < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that it is crucial for maintaining adequate serum lipid levels to reduce smoking, blood pressure and to lose body weight. As far as food intake concerned, fruit intake was important in maintaining serum triglyceride level normal, while animal food intake affected serum total cholesterol level adversely. (Korean J Nutrition 36(1): 64-74, 2003)

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.54-63
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• 2003

Objectives : This study aimed to elucidate the effects of TBE on hyperlipidemia. Methods : We studied the effects of TBE on hyperlipidemia through gene expressions related with lipid metabolism and serum triglyceride as well as total and HDL-cholesterol levels, and perceived histological changes. Results : The present studies demonstrate that TBE can reduce the rise in plasma cholesterol and TG levels induced by a high-cholesterol diet and also reverse pre-established hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglycemia. In the TBE group total cholesterol levels decreased, TG levels decreased, but HDL-cholesterol levels also decreased. In the analysis of absolute and relative liver weight, TBE inhibited the weight gain induced by a high-cholesterol diet. In the histological observations, lipid droplet and apoptotic change in the TBE treated group were less compared with the control group. In the serum biochemical analysis, a difference of serum AST and ALT changes among groups was not shown, but TG and total cholesterol levels were less and HDL level decreased compared with the control group. In the gene expression related with TG and cholesterol metabolism, DGAT decreased slightly but ACAT decreased more as compared with control and Lipidil groups. Conclusion : From this study, we can infer that TBE possesses a hypolipidemic effect by inhibiting the intestinal absorption and storage of exogenous and endogenous cholesterol.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.785-794
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• 1994

The effect of feeding various diets on plasma lipids, liver lipids, fecal excretion of lipids and triglyceride secretion rate was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats fed for 1 month diets containing high fat(40% of energy ; HF) high cholesterol(1% ; HC), low fat/high sucrose(70% ; HS) or control diet(CT). Weight gain in HS group but there were no differences in TG contents of HF or HC groups compared to CT group. Fecal excretion of lipid was higher in HC than in HF, HS and CT groups. Hepatic TG secretion was not significantly different in four dietary groups. Accordingly, hypertriglyceridemia shown in HS group does not seem to be resulted from the increased TG secretion rate.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2002.05b
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• pp.20-45
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• 2002

In this study, we demonstrated the in vitro and in vivo formation of carcinogen-lipid adduct and its correlation with DNA or protein adducts. The lipids from serum or hepatocyte membranes of Spragu-Dawley rats. human serum, and standard major lipids were in vitro reacted with benzo[a]pyrene(BP) and BP metabolites. 7,8-Dihydroxy-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]-pyrene(BPDE-I), an ultimate carcinogenic form of BP, was covalently bound to triglyceride(TG). BPDE-I-TG adducts isolated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) were further detected by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). TGs, including triolein, tripalmitin and tristearin, showed positive reactions with BPDE-I. However, cholesterol, phospholipids(Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, phosphatidyl-inositol and sphingomyelin) and nonesterified fatty acids(palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and stearic acid) did not react with BPDE-I. In addition, other BP metabolites (BP-phenols and -diols) did not react with TG, which TG appeared to be the most reactive lipid yet studied with respect to its ability to form an adduct with BPDE-I. There was a clear-cut dose-respect to its ability to form an adduct with BPDE-I-lipid adduct in vitro between TG and [1,3-3H]BPDE-I. In an animal study, BPDE-I-TG was also formed in the serum of rats orally treated with BP(25 mg/rat). Also, obvious correlations between [3H]BP related-biomolecule adducts (DNA, protein) or lipid damage and the BPDE-I-TG adduct were obtained in various tissues of mice i.p. treated with [3H]BP. These data suggest that TG can form an adduct with BPDE-I, as do other macromolecules (DNA, RNA, and protein). Therefore, a carcinogen-lipid adduct would be a useful biomarker for chemical carcinogenesis research and cancer risk assessment.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.245-252
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• 2020

Macrophage cell death contributes to the formation of plaque, leading to the development of atherosclerosis. The accumulation of triglyceride (TG) is also associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. A previous study reported that TG induces the cell death of macrophages. This study examined whether the cytoplasmic release of cathepsin B from lysosome is associated with the TG-induced cell death of macrophage. The release of cathepsin B was increased in the TG-treated THP-1 macrophages, but the TG treatment did not affect cathepsin B expression. Furthermore, the inhibition of cathepsin B by its inhibitor, CA-074 Me, partially inhibited the TG-induced cell death of macrophage. TG-triggered macrophage cell death is mediated by the activation of caspase-1, -2, and apoptotic caspases. Therefore, this study investigated whether cathepsin B is implicated in the activation of these caspases. The inhibition of cathepsin B blocked the activation of caspase-7, -8, and -1 but did not affect the activity of caspase-3, -9, and -2. Overall, these results suggest that TG-induced cytoplasmic cathepsin B causes THP-1 macrophage cell death by activating caspase-1, leading to subsequent activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.335-340
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• 2007

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relation of total antioxidant status (TAS) to metabolic risk factors in Korean adults. Anthropometric measures, blood pressure, serum lipids and fasting glucose were determined in 406 men and women. TAS was measured by using commercially available Randox kit. Serum TAS was significantly positively correlated with body weight (p=0.004), body mass index (BMI) (p=0.033), waist circumference (p=0.017), total cholesterol (p=0.038) and triglyceride (TG) (p<0.001). The mean TAS of hypertriglyceridemic subjects (TG ${\geq}$150 mg/dl) was significantly higher than that of subjects whose TG was lower than 150 mg/dl (p=0.001). When central obesity, TG, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting glucose and blood pressure were considered as metabolic risk factors, TAS was shown to be elevated with increased number of metabolic risk factors (p=0.004). The positive association between TAS and a number of metabolic risk factors suggests that increased TAS may not always indicate one's healthier condition. In order to help understand TAS as a marker of total antioxidant capacity in humans with various metabolic conditions, it is needed to clarify the factors affecting TAS in relation to changes in metabolic risk factors.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 2011

We analyzed the concentration of serum total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), triglyceride (TG) and the serum lipoprotein electrophoresis fractions in hypertensive patients (hypertension group, n=182). The average concentration of lipids and lipoprotein fractions in the hypertension group was compared to that of the normal group. The average concentrations of serum TC, LDLC and TG in the hypertension group were significantly higher than those of the normal group (3.3%, 11% and 70%, respectively) (P<0.05). But HDLC was nonsignificantly lower (2%) (P<0.05). In the hypertension group, the percentages of patients who had an abnormally high level of total cholesterol, HDLC, LDLC and TG were 12.1%, 8.2%, 24.2% and 44.5%, respectively. The average of ${\beta}$-lipoprotein (27.5%) and pre ${\beta}$-lipoprotein (12.6%) were significantly higher, whereas ${\alpha}$-lipoprotein (15.2%) was significantly lower in the hypertension group than in the normal group (P<0.05). The percentages of patients who had an abnormally high level of very low density lipoprotein (pre ${\beta}$-LP), LDLC (${\beta}$-LP) and chylomicron were 31.3%, 17.0% and 12.6%, respectively. This study suggests that an increasing of total cholesterol, LDLC and TG, pre ${\beta}$-LP, ${\beta}$-LP and chylomicron are associated with a risk factor for hypertension.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.142-149
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• 2016

This study was designed to investigate the antihyperlipidemic activity of Fermented Rhus Verniciflua Stokes Extract(FRVSE) on diet-induced hyperlipidemia in rats. The animals were divided into 4 groups of the normal group(fed with normal diet), control group(fed with high fat diet), sample A group(fed with high fat diet and medicated FRVSE 192 ㎎/㎏/day), sample B group(fed with high fat diet and medicated FRVSE 384 ㎎/㎏/day), and received oral administration of each prescription with diet for a period of six weeks. The changes in the body weight, the liver weight, the epididymal fat weight, and the plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride(TG), high density lipoprotein(HDL) cholesterol and low density lipoprotein(LDL) cholesterol were measured. In sample A group, the weight of liver and plasma level of TG decreased significantly. There was a significant decrease in the plasma level of total cholesterol, TG and LDL cholesterol in the sample B group. These results suggest that the FRVSE have a good antihyperlipidemic activity and a potential to treat hyperlipidemia.