• 한국환경생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경생물학회 2002년도 학술대회
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• pp.33-37
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• 2002

The present was performed to identify the effects of tributyltin (TBT) in the immature mice testes. 3-week-old male ICR mice were orally administrated on one time basis of TBT dose of O (Vehicle control, VC), 25 (TBT 25 mg/kg, T$_{25}$ ), 50 (TBT 50 mg/kg, T$_{50}$ ), 100 (TBT 100 mg/kg, T$_{100}$ ) mg/kg per each one. After 3 days the time treated of TBT, mice were sacrified and wighted body, testis, epididymis, seminal vesicle, vas deferens, and prostate. As the result of weighing, wights of each oragan and gonad index were tendency decresed in comparing groups of TBT treated with that (C) of unteated (p <0.05). As the result of examination of steroid hormones in the immature male mice, The concentrations of serum and intratesticular testosterone were significatly increased rather than the control group. But concentrations of estradiol were decresed objectly. A group of the highest change of concentrations of steroid hormones is T$_{100}$ . The high dose group, T$_{100}$ , was decreased all of concentrations of steroid hormones rather than those of T$^{25}$ . The result of observation with histological changes in testis showed a tendency for innercellular wall to increase damage and extinction in seminiferous tubles. As the result of investigation apoptotic cell numbers in the testis using teminal deoxy-nucleotidyl transferase -mediated dUTP-digoxygenin nick end-labeling immunohistochemical straia, The ratio of Apoptic cells significantly was incensed in depending on treatment of TBT does. In conclusion, these results shows that TBT triggers apoptosis on reproductive cell in testis and changes level of concentrations of steroid hormones in the immature male mice , as endocrine disruptors (EDs).

• 환경생물
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.158-163
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• 2003

유기주석화합물은 독성이 강하고 잔존력이 감하여 수계환경으로 유입되면 해양생태계에 오랫동안 영향을 미친다 이들 화합물이 해양생불에 미치는 영향에 관해서는 어류나 패류 등의 산업적 가치가 큰 생물종을 대상으로 한 연구는 적지 않지만, 해양생태계에서 먹이사슬의 가장 하부에 위치하며 기초생산을 담당하는 플랑크톤류에 미치는 영향에 관해서는 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 TBT류의 TBTC, TBTO, TBTA, TBTB를 비롯하여 TPT류의 TPTC, TPTF, TPTH가 기수산 rotifer의 생존에 미치는 독성(96 hr-LC$_{50}$)을 조사.비교하였다. 그 결과, TBT류에서는 TBTA(1.1 ppb)가 가장 강하였고 TBTC (2.0), TBTB (3.3), TBTO (5.6)의 순이었으며, TPT류에서는 TPTF (1.0), TPTC (1.1), TPTH(1.6)의 순이었다. 이 결과는 TPT류가 전반적으로 TBT류에 비해 독성이 강하다는 것을 보여준다.다.

• 분석과학
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.360-368
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• 2009

IMO (International Maritime Organization)와 한국은 2003년을 기점으로 하여 TBT의 사용을 전면 금지 하였다. 이 금지를 통하여 몇몇 나라에서는 해양환경(바닷물, 퇴적물, 굴)에서 TBT의 오염도가 차츰 감소되고 있는 것을 확인 하였다. 본 연구에서는 2003년 규제 이후 TBT의 오염도를 확인 하기 위하여 Crassostrea gigas(굴) 및 Tapes philippinarum(바지락)을 선택 하여 부틸주석화합물(butyltin compounds)의 농도를 측정하였다. Crassostrea gigas 및 Tapes philippinarum 가 생산되는 농장 및 주요 TBT 오염이 예상되는 지점에서 시료를 직접 채취하여 농도를 측정하였다. 각각 측정된 농도는 Crassostrea gigas의 경우 MBT, DBT와 TBT가 각각 N.D. -N.D., N.D. -N.D., N.D. -60.21 ng Sn $g^{-1}$ (wet wt)으로 측정 되었다. Tapes philippinarum의 경우 MBT, DBT와 TBT가 N.D. -12.27, N.D. -45.95, N.D.-7.30 ng Sn $g^{-1}$ (wet wt)로 각각 측정이 되었다. 본 연구에서는 TBT 오염도 감소를 확인 하기 위하여 1994년도에 측정된 동일 지역의 Crassostrea gigas의 부틸주석 화합물의 농도 대하여 비교조사를 해보았다. 조사결과 비교대상 7개 지점 샘플 중에 모든 샘플에서 TBT가 감소 추세를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 이 중 4개 지점 샘플은 butyltin compounds가 검출한계 이하로 측정이 되었다. Tapes philippinarum의 경우도 외국 연구자료와 비교하여 볼 때 높지 않은 것으로 나타났다.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.273-282
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• 2009

Cadmium (Cd) and tributyltin (TBT) are common contaminants of marine and freshwater ecosystems, and can induce the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS can, in turn, cause oxidative stress. In the present study, we investigated time-related effects of Cd (0.05 and 0.1 ppm) and TBT (5 and 10 ppb) treatment on antioxidant enzyme activity, i.e., the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the gills and digestive glands of the ark shell, Scapharca broughtonii. In addition, hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) concentrations, lysozyme activity, and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) levels were measured in the hemolymph. We found that Cd and TBT treatment significantly increased antioxidant enzyme mRNA expression and activity in the digestive glands and gills in a time-dependent manner. In response to the Cd and TBT treatments, antioxidant enzymes mRNA expression and activity increased up to day 5 in the digestive glands and then decreased by day 7. In the gills, antioxidant enzymes mRNA expression and activity increased up to day 3 and then decreased by day 5. Likewise, $H_2O_2$ concentrations significantly increased up to day 5 and then decreased by day 7. Finally, lysozyme activity decreased during the experimental period, whereas GOT and GPT levels were significantly increased in a time-dependent manner. These results suggest that antioxidant enzymes play an important role in decreasing ROS levels and oxidative stress in ark shells exposed to Cd and TBT.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2005

Benthic amphipod, Grandidierella japonica widely inhabits the Korean coastal waters and is developed as a standard test species for sediment toxicity tests. We exposed G. japonica to various pollutants including 4 kinds of inorganic metals (Ag, Cd, Cu and Hg), tributyltin [TBT], ammonia and 7 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds (acenaphthene, chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene, naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene) to estimate the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and the median lethal concentration (LC50) of each pollutant during the 96-hour acute exposure. Among all tested pollutants, TBT was most toxic to G. japonica, and Rg was most toxic among inorganic metals. The toxicity of pyrene to G. japonica was greatest among PAH compounds, followed by fluoranthene, phenanathrene, acenaphthene, fluorene and naphthalene. The toxicity of PAH compounds was closely related to their physico-chemical characteristics such as $K_ow$ and water solubility. G. japonica responded adequately to pollutant concentrations and exposure durations, and the sensitivity of G. japonica to various inorganic and organic pollutants was generally comparable to other amphipods used as standard test species in ecotoxicological studies, indicating this species can be applied in the assessment of environments polluted by various harmful substances.

• 한국어업기술학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국어업기술학회 2002년도 춘계 수산관련학회 공둥학술발표회
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• pp.492-493
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• 2002

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회 2002년도 Molecular and Cellular Response to Toxic Substances
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• pp.168-168
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• 2002

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.285-294
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• 2000

Butyltin compounds (BTs) in seawater, sediments and organisms (Thais clavigera, Liolophura japonica and Cellana nigrolineata), were quantitatively determined to evaluate their distribution inside Songsan Harbor of Cheju Island. In addition, imposex in T. clavigera was used to assess the effect on organisms of BTs. Analysis of the samples collected in seawater, sediments (March, June and August) and organisms (May, July and August) in 1998, confirmed the contamination of BTs in the aquatic environment inside Songsan Harbor. The main BTs species in seawater and sediments was monobutyltin (MBT), tributyltin (TBT), respectively, irrespective of survey time. In oranisms, TBT and dibutyltin (DBT) were detected in similar concentrations for T. clavigera and L. japonica, but for C nigrolineata, DBt concentration was the highest. TBT, the most toxic to aquatic organisms among BTs, was found at concentrations which were sufficient to have a serious effect on the sensitive organisms upon chronic exposure, The relatively high correlations (r>0.83) between BTs indicated that DBT and MBT were mainly degraded from TBT based on antifouling paint and their sources were negligible. The sedimentary organic matters did not have influence on the distribution of BTs in marine environment, and lipid content in T. clavigera did not show a correlation with TBT concentrations. The rate of occurrence of imposex in T. clavigera was 100%, and the relative penis length index (RPLI) and the relative penis size index (RPSI) which represent the degree of imposex were 79.7%, 58.1%, respectively. Measurement of imposex in T. clavigera was expected to be a very helpful tool for preliminary survey of BTs prior to trace analysis of BTs.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.137-145
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• 2002

국내 6개 주요도시에서 조사된 어패류 오염도 현황을 토대로 우리나라 사람들의 어패류 섭취를 통한 유기주석화합물 인체노출량을 예측하고, 이에 따른 위해도를 추계하였다. 본 연구결과를 살펴보면 갈치의 경우, 성인이 식품수급표에서 제시하는 일일섭취량 3.02g/day를 평생 섭취한다는 노출시나리오하에 평균일일노출량은 확률분포로 나타냈을 때 그 중간값이 6.48$\times$ $10^{-7}$ mg/kg/day, 상한치 95th percentile값이 8.78$\times$$10^{-7}$ mg/kg/day로 나타났음을 알 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 비발암독성영향을 평가하기 위하여 BMD$_{10}$ 을 활용한 참고치(Reference dose)를 예측하였다. 이 때 BMD$_{10}$은 10% 비교변화를 BMR으로 하였을때 해당하는 용량의 95% 하한치이다. 본 연구에서 활용한 BMD는 digestion에 의한 근육내의 IgE titer, T.spiraris larvae와 조직학에 의한 근육내 T.spiraris larvae에 근거하여 예측된 것으로 0.03 mg/kg/day이다. 참고치는 BMD$_{10}$ 0.03 mg/kg/day에 불확실성 계수 100을 고려한 값으로 0.003 mg/kg/day이며, 이 때 활용한 불확실성계수는 실험동물에서 인체로의 외삽과정에서 고려한 계수 10과 인구집단 내 민감그룹 고려를 위한 계수 10을 적용한 것이다. 각 어패류의 위험지수(50th percentile)를 살펴보면 고등어에서 2.04$\times$ $10^{-2}$으로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 소라에서 2.70$\times$ $10^{-5}$으로 가장 낮은 값을 나타냈다.

• 한국어업기술학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국어업기술학회 2000년도 추계수산관련학회 공동학술대회발표요지집
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• pp.154-155
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• 2000

해양생물들의 부착방지를 위해 선박 또는 어망에 사용되는 유기주석화합물(organotin compounds: OTC)의 하나인 TBT (tributyltin)는 환경적으로 영향을 주는 농도에서 여러 수중 생물의 발생단계와 자어기와 같은 어류의 초기생활사에 영향을 끼치기 쉽다 (Bryan and Gibbs, 1991). 또한, TBT와 함께 사용되는 TPT (triphenlyti)는 수중에서 수산생물의 체내에 빠르게 축적되는 반면에 배출은 천천히 일어난다(Jarvinen et al., 1988). (중략)