• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.27-37
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• 2004

기존의 ad hoc 네트워크 라우팅 프로토콜들은 노드의 동적인 특성으로 인하여 확장성에 제약을 받는다. 클러스터 기반 라우팅 프로토콜은 노드들을 클러스터로 분할하고 그들간에 계층적인 라우팅을 수행한다. 이러한 계층적인 특징은 ad hoc 네트워크 라우팅 프로토콜의 확장성을 보장한다. 그러나 기존의 k-hop클러스터 기반 라우팅 프로토콜은 헤더의 제어 부하 등과 같은 문제점온 갖는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 논문에서는 ad hoc 네트워크에 대해 위임 기능을 이용한 새로운 k-hop(k>3) 클러스터 기반 라우팅 구조를 제안한다. 이 구조는 멤버들을 효율적으로 관리하기 위해 트리 토폴로지를 사용한다. 헤더는 모든 멤버들에 대한 라우팅 테이블을 관리하지 않고, 멤버들 중에서 자신과 이웃하는 노드들에 대한 라우팅 테이블과 나머지 노드들에 대한 멤버 리스트만을 관리하고, 더 낮은 레벨에 있는 노드들은 중간 노드가 관리한다. 제안된 메커니즘은 클러스터 헤더의 제어 부하를 다소 줄일 수 있다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.1586-1605
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• 2012

With the prevalence of multimedia applications and the potential commercial usage of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) in group communications, Quality of Service (QoS) support became a key requirement. Recently, some researchers studied QoS multicast issues in MANETs. Most of the existing QoS multicast routing protocols are designed with flat topology and small networks in mind. In this paper, we investigate the scalability problem of these routing protocols. In particular, a Position-Based QoS Multicast Routing Protocol (PBQMRP) has been developed. PBQMRP builds a source multicast tree guided by the geographic information of the mobile nodes, which helps in achieving more efficient multicast delivery. This protocol depends on the location information of the multicast members which is obtained using a location service algorithm. A virtual backbone structure has been proposed to perform this location service with minimum overhead and this structure is utilized to provide efficient packet transmissions in a dynamic mobile Ad hoc network environment. The performance of PBQMRP is evaluated by performing both quantitative analysis and extensive simulations. The results show that the used virtual clustering is very useful in improving scalability and outperforms other clustering schemes. Compared to On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP), PBQMRP achieves competing packet delivery ratio and significantly lower control overhead.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제42권9호
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• pp.29-40
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• 2005

본 논문에서 우리는 모바일 ad-hoc 네트워크를 위한 이동성을 사용하는 클러스터 기반의 멀티캐스트 라우팅(CMR: Cluster-based Multicast Routing) 방법을 제안한다. CMR의 주요한 특징은 다음처럼 요약 된다. a) 이동성 기반 클러스터링과 효과적으로 안정성과 확장성을 지원하기 위한 그룹 기반의 계층적 구조, b) 토폴로지의 견고함과 전송의 효율성을 동시에 지원하기 위한 그룹 기반의 메쉬 구조와 전송 트리 개념, c) 사전 결정적 기술들의 낮은 경로 수행 지연과 요구기반 방법의 낮은 오버헤드를 제공하는 개념의 조합. CM의 성능평가는 모델렇과 시뮬레이션을 통하여 이루어진다. 멀티캐스트 라우팅 프로토콜의 효율성 측정은 노드의 이동성, 멀티캐스트 그룹 사이즈, 송신자 노드 수 등의 함수로써 패킷 전송률, 확장성, 제어 오버헤드, 소스와 목적지 노드 사이의 시간 지연 등의 파라미터들을 사용한다.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.47-55
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• 2016

Router main task is to provide routing of Internet Protocol (IP) packets. Routing is achieved with help of the IP lookup. Router stores information about the networks and interfaces in data structures commonly called as routing tables. Comparison of IP from incoming packet with the IPs stored in routing table for the information about route is IP Lookup. IP lookup performs by longest IP prefix matching. The performance of the IP router is based on the speed of prefix matching. IP lookup is a major bottle neck in the performance of Router. Various algorithms and data structures are available for IP lookup. This paper is about reviewing various tree based structure and its performance evaluation.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.116-122
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• 2006

Most of the multimedia applications require strict quality of service (QoS) guarantee during the communication between a single source and multiple destinations. This gives rise to the need for an efficient QoS multicast routing strategy. Determination of such QoS-based optimal multicast routes basically leads to a multi-objective optimization problem, which is computationally intractable in polynomial time due to the uncertainty of resources in Internet. This paper describes a network model for researching the routing problem and proposes a new multicast tree selection algorithm based on genetic algorithms to simultaneously optimize multiple QoS parameters. The paper mainly presents a QoS multicast routing algorithm based on genetic algorithm (QMRGA). The QMRGA can also optimize the network resources such as bandwidth and delay, and can converge to the optimal or near-optimal solution within few iterations, even for the networks environment with uncertain parameters. The incremental rate of computational cost can close to polynomial and is less than exponential rate. The performance measures of the QMRGA are evaluated using simulations. The simulation results show that this approach has fast convergence speed and high reliability. It can meet the real-time requirement in multimedia communication networks.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.30-37
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• 2000

Existing tree construction mechanisms are classified into source-based trees and center-based trees. The source-based trees produce a source-rooted tree with a low delay. However, for the applications with multiple senders, the management overheads for routing tables and resource reservations are too high. The center-based trees are easy to implement and manage, but a priori configuration of candidate center nodes is required, and the optimization mature such as tree cost and delay is not considered. In this paper, we propose a new multicast tree building algorithm. The proposal algorithm basically builds a non-center based shared tree. In particular, any center node is not pre-configured. In the purposed algorithm, a multicast node among current tree nodes is suitably assigned to each incoming user: Such a node is selected in a fashion that tree cost and the maximum end-to-end delay on the tree are jointly minimized. The existing and proposed algorithms are compared by experiments. In the simulation results, it is shown that the proposed algorithm approximately provides the cost saving of 30% and the delay saving of 10%, compared to the existing approaches. In conclusion, we see that the cost and delay aspects for multicast trees can be improved at the cost of additional computations.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.3138-3150
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• 2021

Multimedia services on the Internet are continuously increasing. Accordingly, the demand for a technology for efficiently delivering multimedia traffic is also constantly increasing. The multicast technique, that delivers the same content to several destinations, is constantly being developed. This technique delivers a content from a source to all destinations through the multicast tree. The multicast tree with low cost increases the utilization of network resources. However, the finding of the optimal multicast tree that has the minimum link costs is very difficult and its calculation complexity is the same as the complexity of the Steiner tree calculation which is NP-complete. Therefore, we need an effective way to obtain a multicast tree with low cost and less calculation time on SDN-based smart network platforms. In this paper, we propose a new multicast tree generation algorithm which produces a multicast tree using an agent trained by model-based meta reinforcement learning. Experiments verified that the proposed algorithm generated multicast trees in less time compared with existing approximation algorithms. It produced multicast trees with low cost in a dynamic network environment compared with the previous DQN-based algorithm.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제38권8호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2001

본 논문에서는 IPv6 기반 망에서 이동 호스트들에게 효율적이고 신뢰성있는 멀티캐스트 서비스를 제공하기 위한 멀티캐스트 라우팅 기법을 제안한다. 본 논문의 목적은 멀티캐스트 트리 재구성 횟수와 멀티캐스트 서비스 끊김 시간을 줄이는 알고리즘을 개발하는데 있다. 제안하는 멀티캐스트 라우팅 기법은 IETF 워킹그룹에서 제안되어진 Bi-directional tunneling 기법과 Remote subscription 기법의 장점들을 이용한 혼합방식이다. 제안하는 기법은 최대 허용 전송 지연 시간을 만족하면서 최대 터널링 서비스를 제공한다. 시뮬레이션 결과는 기존 멀티캐스트 라우팅 기법들에 비해 제안하는 기법이 멀티개스트 트리 재구성 횟수와 멀티캐스트 서비스 끊김 시간 측면에서 보다 우수한 성능을 가짐을 보인다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.1214-1221
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• 2007

Ad-hoc 망은 기반의 하부 구조 계층의 도움 없이 이동 노드와 클러스터(Cluster)들만으로 구성된 유연한 무선 통신망이다. 본 논문에서는 이동 노드의 다양한 상황 정보를 분석하여 효율적인 온톨로지(Ontology) 기반의 상황인식(Context-Aware) 기술을 적용한 네트워크의 변화에 대한 예측이 가능한 추론망을 연구 제안한다. 제안된 구조에서는 각 노드간의 거리 정보등 상황정보를 이용한 분석으로부터 망을 형성하기 위한 초기단계와 노드의 상태값을 비교하여 노드의 경로를 예측 유지 및 분석하는 단계로 구성된다. 제안하고자 하는 RODMRP(Resilient Ontology-based Dynamic Multicast Routing Protocol)의 추론망 구조는 이동 노드간의 변화된 환경에서 복원력이 뛰어난 트리 구조의 효율적인 packet를 제공한다.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.230-238
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• 2021

A sensor network is made up of many sensors deployed in different areas to be monitored. They communicate with each other through a wireless medium. The routing of collected data in the wireless network consumes most of the energy of the network. In the literature, several routing approaches have been proposed to conserve the energy at the sensor level and overcome the challenges inherent in its limitations. In this paper, we propose a new low-energy routing protocol for power grids sensors based on an unsupervised clustering approach. Our protocol equitably harnesses the energy of the selected cluster-head nodes and conserves the energy dissipated when routing the captured data at the Base Station (BS). The simulation results show that our protocol reduces the energy dissipation and prolongs the network lifetime.