• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.4
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• pp.409-414
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• 1995

This study was carried out for the analysis and comparison about the noise diminution effects by the height, width and density of Euonymus japonica wall, the distance of sound source, the distance of sound receiver, the height of sound source, and the height of sound receiver. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. After the establishment of tree wall, the volume of noise diminution measured 6.8dB and the effects of noise diminution measured heigher than before by 10.6% and t-value was significant at the 1% level 2. In simple correlation between the effects of noise diminution and variables, the density of tree wall was found as the most significant factor, and the last were found in the order of the distance of sound receiver, the width of tree wall, and the distance of sound source. 3. In partial correlation coefficients the effects of noise diminution and variables, the density of tree wall (r=-0.959) was found as the most significant factor, and the last were found in order of the distance of sound receiver (r=-0.906) and the width of tree wall (r=-0.753). 4. The estimated equation to measure the effects of noise diminution according to variables (the height of tree wall, the width of tree wall, the density of tree wall, the distance of sound source, the distance of sound receiver, the height of sound source, and the height of sound receiver) was $Y=69.520-1.672X_1-1.656X_2-0.066X_3-0.248X_4-3.134X_5-0.222X_6-0.343X_7$, and the coefficient of determination of this estimated equation was highly found as 0.950. 5. In semi-partial correlation coefficient the effects of noise diminution were found in the order of the density of tree wall, the distance of sound receiver, the width of tree wall, and the height of tree wall from the highest to the lowest. Therefore, it was considered that the density of tree wall, the distance of sound receiver, the width of tree wall and the distance of sound source should be controlled effectively to increase the effects of noise diminution by Euonymus japonica wall.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.109-114
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• 2006

An investigation was carried out for the annual ring width, longitudinal tracheid diameter and wall thickness in different tree heights for Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et. Zucc. The annual ring width increased along with the tree height, however the tracheid diameter and wall thickness decreased with the tree height. Tracheid wall thickness was found the thickest at 2.0m from the above ground samples and it increased gradually from pith to bark. Radial tracheid diameter was found to be larger than that of tangential tracheid diameter in earlywood. But, it was found to be the opposite in latewood. In earlywood, the average values of tracheid wall thickness was found the range of $2.1-3.0{\mu}m$, whereas, in latewood, it was $2.4-4.2{\mu}m$.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 2012

In this study, we measured the Index of Greeness(I.O.G) and analyzed factors that affect in downtown street of Seoul. The aim of this article is to provide an ways of improving I.O.G, with an emphasis on accuracy of measurement. We utilized the autimatic measurment techniques proposed by Tonosaki to solve the problem of accuracy in measurement. The result is as follows : Firstly, the average I.O.G of Gwanghwamun Plaza is 15.76%, Jongno is 11.48% and Dasanro(from Yaksu station to Beotigogae station) is 6.36%. According to the comprehensive analysis in three reseach areas, it shows that I.O.G is intimately linked with planting method, species of trees and the presence of wall planting. Secondly, it was analyzed that grass and ground-cover planting promote I.O.G better than other method. The I.O.G of photo which contains grass is 45.47%. According to the comparative analysis between tree planting and multi-planting method, the presence of lower planting showed a difference about 8.77% of I.O.G.. From the persipective of I.O.G, tree planting with two lines is more effective than one. The difference of two ways is about 3.24%. Thirdly, it is an efficint way to use the wall planting or vertical planting in order to promote I.O.G.. In Dasanro, The I.O.G of photo which contains wall planting or vertical planting is 45.47% in contrast to the average of I.O.G. is 6.36%. Fourthly, the difference of I.O.G between broadleaf tree and needleleaf tree was larger than we thought. If look closely confined to this study, the I.O.G of street planted by Pine is 3.61% and Eastern Sycamore Family Bottonwood is 12.55%.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 1989

The purpose of this study was to develop the principle of space composition in Jungja of a category of korean traditional space. The results which analyzed outside space, prospect angle and preference factors for landscape with making, Jungja which has artificially constructed pond within Gyeongbug province, the subject of study were as fellows ; Size of pond was quite different in each Jungja, and its form was retangular. There was built circle island or figured ten-long life within pond. These pursued harmony of the cosmic dual force or eternal youth. Average angle of depression and horizontal angle from floor of Jungja to pond were respectively 16$^{\circ}$ 23', 48$^{\circ}$ 26'. Average angle of depression to island in pond was 13$^{\circ}$28'. Average angle of depression from floor of Jungia to wall was 2$^{\circ}$58'. With controlling height of wall, there was maintained privacy and used borrowed landscape. Tree within garden was mainly planted a deciduous tall tree, the important species of tree were bamboo, pomegranate tree, crape myrtle, etc. Variables that gave influence on landscape preference degree were things about tree and pond. On prospecting pond, these variables-feeling for shore protection, impression for water, visual depth to pond feeling for shore protection, impression for water, visual depth to pond-gave Largely influences.

• Atmosphere
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.685-692
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• 2015

In this study, the effects of trees on flow and scalar dispersion in an urban street canyon were investigated using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. For this, we implemented the drag terms of trees to the CFD model, and compared the CFD-simulated results to the wind-tunnel results. For comparison, we considered the same building configuration as the wind-tunnel experiment. The trees were located at the center of street canyon with the aspect ratio (defined as the ratio of the street width to the building height) of 1. First, the flow characteristics were analyzed in the tree-free and high-density tree cases and the results showed that the CFD model reproduced well the flow pattern of the wind-tunnel experiment and reflected the drag effect of trees in the street canyon. Then, the dispersion characteristics of scalar pollutants were investigated for the tree-free, low-density tree and medium-density tree cases. In the tree-free case, the nondimensionalized concentration distribution simulated by the CFD model was quite similar to that in the wind-tunnel experiment in magnitude and pattern. The correlation coefficients between the measured and simulated concentrations are more than 0.9 in all the cases. As the tree density increased, nondimensionalized concentration increased (decreased) near the wall of the upwind (downwind) building, which resulted from the decrease in wind speed case by the drag effect of trees. However, the CFD model underestimated (overestimated) the concentration near the wall of upwind (downwind) building.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2017

In this paper, we are proposing improved vanishing points detection and segments labeling methods for inside wall frame detection from indoor image of a piece of having a colour RGB. A lot of research related to recognizing the frame of artificial structures from the image is being performed due to increase in demand for AR technology. But detect the inside wall frame in indoor images have many objects that caused the occlusion is still a difficult issue. Inner wall frame detection methods are usually segment labeling methods and detect vanishing point methods are used together. In order to improve the vanishing point detection method we proposed using inner wall orthogonality which forms the cube. Also we proposed labeling method using tree based learning and superpixel based segmentation method for labelingthe segments in indoor images. Finally, in experiments have shown improved results about inside wall frame detection according to our methods.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2007.07a
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• pp.279-280
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• 2007

Airway wall thickness is an important bio-marker for evaluation of pulmonary diseases such as stenosis, bronchiectasis. Nevertheless, an image-based analysis of the airway tree can provide precise and valuable airway size information, quantitative measurement of airway wall thickness in CT images involves various sources of error and uncertainty. So we have developed an accurate airway wall measurement technique for small airways with three-dimensional (3-D) approach. To illustrate performance of these techniques, we used airway phantom that consisted of 4 acryl tubes with various inner and outer diameters. Results show that evaluation of interpolation and deconvolution methods of airways in 3-D CT images, and significant improvement over the full-width-half-maximum method for measurement of not only location of the luminal and outer edge of the airway wall but airway wall thickness.

• 유체기계공업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.08a
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• pp.383-386
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• 2006

In this study, we propose a new fast algorithm for calculating short range forces in molecular dynamics, This algorithm uses a new hierarchical tree data structure which has a high adaptiveness to the particle distribution. It can divide a parent cell into k daughter cells and the tree structure is independent of the coordinate system and particle distribution. We investigated the characteristics and the performance of the tree structure according to k. For parallel computation, we used orthogonal recursive bisection method for domain decomposition to distribute particles to each processor, and the numerical experiments were performed on a 32-node Linux cluster. We compared the performance of the oct-tree and developed new algorithm according to the particle distributions, problem sizes and the number of processors. The comparison was performed sing tree-independent method and the results are independent of computing platform, parallelization, or programming language. It was found that the new algorithm can reduce computing cost for a large problem which has a short search range compared to the computational domain. But there are only small differences in wall-clock time because the proposed algorithm requires much time to construct tree structure than the oct-tree and he performance gain is small compared to the time for single time step calculation.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.77-83
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• 2020

The technologies of 3D spatial information, such as Smart City and Digital Twins, are developing rapidly for managing land and solving urban problems scientifically. In this construction of 3D spatial information, an object using aerial photo images is built as a digital DB. Realistically, the task of extracting a texturing image, which is an actual image of the object wall, and attaching an image to the object wall are important. On the other hand, occluded areas occur in the texturing image. In this study, the ResNet algorithm in deep learning technologies was tested to solve these problems. A dataset was constructed, and the street tree was detected using the ResNet algorithm. The ability of the ResNet algorithm to detect the street tree was dependent on the brightness of the image. The ResNet algorithm can detect the street tree in an image with side and inclination angles.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1760-1768
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• 2018

The type strain Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis KCTC $3135^T$ was deeply sequenced and annotated, replacing a previous draft genome in this study. The tar and tag genes were involved in synthesizing wall teichoic acids (WTAs), and these genes and their products were previously regarded as the distinguishing difference between B. s. subtilis and B. s. spizizenii. However, a comparative genomic analysis of B. subtilis spp. revealed that both B. s. subtilis and B. s. spizizenii had various types of cell walls. These tar and tag operons were mutually exclusive and the tar genes from B. s. spizizenii were very similar to the genes from non-Bacillus bacteria, unlike the tag genes from B. s. subtilis. The results and previous studies suggest that the tar genes and the tag genes are not inherited after subspecies speciation. The phylogenetic tree based on whole genome sequences showed that each subspecies clearly formed a monophyletic group, while the tree based on tar genes showed that monophyletic groups were formed according to the cell wall type rather than the subspecies. These findings indicate that the tar genes and the presence of ribitol as a cell-wall constituent were not the distinguishing difference between the subspecies of B. subtilis and that the description of subspecies B. s. spizizenii should be updated.