• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2003

In Sasang Constitutional Medicine, pine trees have been used as medicines for Taeyangin and a pine-nuts tree for Taeumin. However, there has been some misunderstandings in interpretation as the Koreans referred to back(栢) as pine-nuts tree as well as cheukback(측백) tree. Also, we have disputed over how to translate songback(松栢). Regarding this dispute, 1 came to the following conclusion based on a research with exactitude. 1. Songja (松子), Songjain(松子仁), Songsil(松實) means Pinus Koraiensis(잣), not a pine .one. 2. Backja(栢子) is a fruit of Cheukback(측백) tree, not of a pinus koraiensis(잣). 3. Some part of 'yulsunjun(列仙傳)' quoted to explain pine-nuts in Bonchogangmok(本草綱目) was misrepresented. 4. In regard to the record that a court lady of Chin(秦) Dynasty lived for bundle of years, Galhong(葛洪) made a mistake by saying that she took pine needles and a Pinus Koraiensis in 'Pobakja(抱朴子)', while saying that she took pine needles and leaves of Cheukback(측백) tree in 'Joohoobigeupbang(　後備急方). Also He made a mistake by saying that took pine needles and leaves of cheukback(측백) tree in Bonchogangmok(本草綱目). 5. Songback(松栢), which was referred to in the Analects of Confucius(論語) and the historical annals(史記), should be understood as an old pine tree with a hard quality of the lumber and evergreen, .rather than 'a pine tree and a pine-nuts tree' or 'a pine tree and Cheukback(측백) tree'. 6. Although 'Songback(松栢) mentioned in a book on medicine were sometimes considered as 'a pine-nuts tree' and 'Cheukback(측백) tree' or 'a pine tree and .Cheukback(측백) tree,' it should be regarded as an old pine tree in most cases.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.220-225
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to assess beliefs (e.g. advantages, disadvantages, benefits, barriers) and knowledge about eating peanuts and tree nuts. Personal interviews based on the Theory of Planned Behavior were conducted to elicit beliefs about eating nuts. Then, a cross-sectional survey was administered to WIC participants from one county in North Carolina. One-hundred-twenty-four WIC participants (mean (SD) age=28.39 (8.09) completed the study. Most were Caucasian (51.6%) females (96%). About one third believed that eating nuts may help to lower cholesterol level. However, only about one forth believed that nuts can lower a risk of a heart attack or diabetes. More than one third believed that eating nuts will cause weight gain. The knowledge of respondents' about nutrient content of nuts was low with correct answers to most questions about 20% or below. The mean (SD) positive attitude, negative attitude, benefits and barriers scores, based on a range from 1 to 5, were 2.53 (0.91), 3.25 (0.89), 2.97 (0.85) and 2.90 (0.76), respectively. WIC participants' beliefs regarding the health effects of nuts are inconsistent with the most recent research findings. They are in a need to education about benefits of eating nuts.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.212-218
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• 2019

The process of establishing domestic standards on hazardous substances in food safety regulations requires harmonization with standards from the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). For this purpose, food classification by the CAC (Codex Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds) also needs to be clearly understood. Therefore, this paper aimed to introduce the Codex Classification on cereal grains, nuts/seeds and herbs/spices because revisions of the Codex were completed in 2017 for cereal grains and in 2018 for nuts/seeds and herbs/spices. The revised Codex Classification on those foods is briefly summarized as follows. Cereal grains in the domestic food classification by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Korea (MFDS) corresponds to the Codex Group 020 cereal grains with six subgroups. The MFDS's nuts and seeds classification corresponds to three groups in the Codex, namely, Group 022 (tree nuts with no subgroups), Group 023 (oilseeds and oilfruits with 5 subgroups), and Group 024 (seeds for beverages and sweets with no subgroups). The food commodities of herbs and spices are included in two Codex groups, Group 027 (with 3 subgroups) and Group 028 (with 9 subgroups). The number of Codex commodity codes assigned to food commodities was 27 for Group 020, 32 for Group 022, 46 for Group 023, 4 for Group 024, 127 for Group 027 and 138 for Group 028. In between the Codex Classification and the MFDS's classification, some differences are shown. For example, the MFDS did not create a subgroup under groups of cereal grains and herbs. The MFDS classified peanuts into the nut group, though a separate group for oilseeds is present, while the Codex classified peanuts into the oilseed and oilfruit group. In addition, there is also a separate group of "plants, others" present in the MFDS's classification. Therefore, care is needed in using the Codex Classification.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.357-361
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• 2018

This study aimed to explore efficient DNA extraction methods using tree nuts. Four different DNA extraction procedures, including silica membrane method, modified silica method, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method, and modified CTAB method were examined for their relative efficiency in extracting DNA from pistachio, pine nut, almond, hazelnut, cashew nut, walnut, and peanut. The quality and quantity of the extracted DNA were subsequently assessed by spectrometric measurements, gel electrophoresis, and PCR amplifications. CTAB method was the most appropriate one for extracting DNA from pine nut, cashew nut, pistachio, and peanut. However, it could be replaced by the silica membrane method for walnut and modified CTAB method for almond and hazelnut.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.4
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• pp.567-573
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• 2012

This study was carried out to examine the effect of soil amendment treatments [(organic fertilizer: 20 kg $tree^{-1}$; compound fertilizer+wood-char fertilizer: compound fertilizer 4 kg $tree^{-1}$+wood-char 2 kg $tree^{-1}$; lime fertilizer: 3 kg $tree^{-1}$; mixed fertilizer: compound fertilizer 1 kg $tree^{-1}$+organic fertilizer 10 kg $tree^{-1}$+wood-char 1 kg $tree^{-1}$; control (no fertilizer)] on flowering and fruit characteristics in chestnut (Castanea crenata S. et Z.) orchards in Jinju and Sancheong, Gyeongsangnam-do. Diameter of fruiting shoot increased generally after soil amendment treatments compared with the control, while number of leaf, female and male flowers were not affected by the treatments. Nut weight increased after soil amendment treatments in Jinju, but was not affected by the treatments in Sancheong. There was a positive correlation between soil pH (r=0.91) or exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$ (r=0.99) and nut weight in Jinju and a positive correlation (r=0.97) between organic carbon content and soluble solid concentration, while a negative correlation (r=-0.92) between exchangeable $Mg^{2+}$ and soluble solid concentration of nuts in Jinju. However, the nut weight and soluble solid concentration in Sancheong were not correlated with soil properties. The results indicate that the characteristics of flowering and nuts in chestnut orchards depend on soil properties after soil amendment treatments between regions which show better responses on poor sites than on good sites.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.489-501
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• 2002

The list of monthly offering items of the Chunshin(薦新) ceremony, the service of offering the first food product of year to ancestors, shown in the Walryong(月令) in Oreaeui(五禮儀), the book written in early years of the Chosun dynasty, was studied and classified by food group. Six kinds of the cereals and grain products - barley, wheat, an early-ripening rice plant, a barnyard millet, and millet seed were offered. The meat products offered were wild geese, pheasants, swans, hares and dried-pheasants. Though not shown in e Walryong, roe deer and deer were offered from hunting trips in e winter. Eight kinds of sea-fish, six kinds of fresh-water first and six kinds of other seafood such as crab, octopus, and squid were offered. Ten kinds of vegetables: bamboo shoots, e99plants, cucumbers, etc. - were offered. Eleven kinds of tree fruits - cherries, apricots, Pears, etc., seven kinds of citrus fruits - tangerines, citrons, etc., seven kinds of nuts - chestnuts, pine-nuts, etc. and two kinds of melons - watermelons etc. - were offered. The hi인est variety in the offering items was the fruits category The remaining offering items included wine brewed from new rice. new brown seaweed, and green tea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.74 no.1
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• pp.82-87
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• 1986

Noticed that large number of the Korean white pine (Pinus koraiensis S. et Z.) has lost its typical excurrent tree from by removal of apical shoot in the process of cone harvesting, the investigation and analysis for the species were made on the basis of the relationship among DBH, total height, merchantable height, and merchantable volume, compared with normally grown Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis Gordon). One hundred sample trees for each species were selected in the same aged stands for the study. Results have indicated that the pine has shown abnormal height growth pattern mainly by the disturbance of external artificial force. The pine's forked and/or crooked stems by the reason lave led the result of less merchantable volume in the same DBH classes. Consequently, the pine would have undesirable tree form in terms of timber production, unless free from apical shoot disturbances. Considered to the merit of the Korean white pine that can produce timber and pine nuts, management alternatives for the pine stand were suggested to achieve maximum rate of return for the silvicultural investment.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.53-68
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to establish the more rational and practical basic theory for the landscape planning in the aparment complex. In this study, the actual conditions of exterior space, the residens' satisfaction degree and the correlation between exterior space and the residents' satisfaction defree were investigated and analyzed on the 13apartment complexes in Taegu City. Through the statistical analysis, the main results were obtained as fellows : It was found that the size of green area ratio in the apartment complexes were in the order of Jugong Apt. (Korean Housing Corporation), Siyoung Apt. (City Operation), Minyoung high-rise Apt. (Private Business) and Minyoung low-rise Apt. (Private Business) complex. The highest ratio of footway and Parking area were shown in Minyoung high-rise Apt. complex. The important factors at the exterior space of apartment complex were composed by 6 major factors, importance degrees of which are Visual, Practical, Convenient, Sentimental, Recreational and Spatial factors for teenagers in orders. The residents' satisfaction degrees to the exterior space were highly correlated with the spatil organization, size of green area and quantity of trees, view, management situation, defensibility of outside noise, rest place, water landscapings by turns. In order to get more than the average satisfaction degree 18 exterior space, the green area should be occupied by 35% of the apartment complex area and more than 76% of the green area (i. e. 16% of the apartment complex area) should be planted with trees. In the Taegu City regulation, the ratio of tree composition is proposed for only the number of tree. But it was shown that the satifaction degree are more correlated with the species and afforestation of trees than the nuts her of trees in this study. therefore, the species of tree and the afforestation of tree should be considered when the landscape planning of the apartment complex begins. It was found that the ratio of afforestation to make the more desirable exterior space In the apartment complex shoule be 8 to 2 in the ratio of arbor to shrub. It was also required that 30 species of arbor and 15 species of shrub should be planted for the more desirable landscape of the apartment complex.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.103-113
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• 2015

Korean pines(Pinus koraiensis) are one of the major plantation species in the Republic of Korea and their natural habitats range from Japan and China to Siberia. The seed of Korean pines, pine nuts, are well know for good food reserves. Due to the global changes which drive the Korean peninsula into the semi-tropical climate, current plantations and natural habitats of Korean pines are faced with the change in the environmental conditions to some extent. To anticipate suitable sites for Korean pines in the future, the location of Korean pines were extracted from the 'Map of suitable trees on a site' that provides the map of suitable trees on a site considering tree species for timber and special uses, and then MaxEnt modelling was used for generating a prediction map on the basis of statistical analysis. As a result, the order of predicted suitable sites were Kangwon-do, Kyungsangbuk-do and Chungcheongbuk-do provinces and sites with high elevation within those provinces were considered most suitable in common. The prediction map of suitable sites for Korean pines presented that suitable sites in the future decreased by 72.2% by 2050's and almost disappeared with a decrease of 92.1% by 2070's on a nationwide scale. In relation to the major production regions of pine nuts in South Korea - Gapyung gun and Yangpyung gun, Kyunggi province and Hongcheon gun, Kangwon province, suitable sites within their areas were predicted to increase by 2050's but become extinct in South Korea by 2070's. To establish a long-term countermeasures against the improvement on forest productivity quality in terms of managing national food security, the result from this study can be considered as a firm basis of predicting plantation suitability. Also, it can be used to predict the changes in supply of forest products and thereby market values in accordance with climate change scenarios.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.223-230
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• 2007

Vitellaria paradoxa commonly called shea is an important agro forestry and fruit-bearing species present in four agro-ecological zones of Cameroon. The goal of this work was the morphological characterization of certain populations of V. paradoxa which will serve as a necessary step for a subsequent genetic study of the species. Morphological observations related to 20 agronomic traits, studied on 8-13 trees selected from each of the eight shea populations across four different agro-ecological zones located in four provinces of Cameroon were studied. The study showed that there was a variation between the populations, related to the traits measured on the trunk, fruit, nut, and leaf. Three shapes of the tree(ball, broom, and trained), five shapes of the fruit(round, oblong, reversed pear, ovoid, and oblong), three colors of the nut(clear brown, dark brown, and blackish brown) were identified. The principal component analysis(PCA) carried out on the quantitative characters revealed 72% of the total variance expressed on the first and second main axis. This variation was essentially explained by the traits measured on the fruits and on the nuts. The analyses showed that only the traits of the fruits and the nuts were discriminative. The shea populations studied were structured into two distinct groups using these discriminative traits.