• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.1
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• pp.85-92
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• 2000

Four Chamaecyparis obtusa plantations of 6, 9, 14, and 20 years were studied to investigate biomass, net production and nutrient distribution. There was wide difference in DBH and height growth of the stands according to site and soil conditions. Total biomasses of the stands of 14 years and 20 years located in gentle slopes and good soil conditions were 96.2t/ha and 145.0t/ha, and total net productions of those were 22.4t/ha/yr and 23.5t/ha/yr, respectively. Total biomasses of the stands of 6 years and 9 years located in steep slopes and poor soil conditions were 0.7t/ha and 14.0t/ha, and total net productions of those were 0.3t/ha/yr and 4.7t/ha/yr, respectively. As stand age increased, the ratios of stem wood and branches to total biomass and total net production increased, while the ratios of leaves to total biomass and total net production and the ratios of roots to total biomass decreased. Concentrations of N, P, K and Mg were greatest in the leaf and concentration of Ca was greatest in the stem bark. As stand age increased, N concentrations of the stem bark, branch, dead branch and root and K concentration of the branch decreased, while Ca concentration of the stem bark increased. Nutrient contents of the whole tree were great in order of N, K, Ca, Mg and P.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.88-99
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• 2009

This study was conducted to formulate management guidelines for Natural monumental old trees in Korea through survey of tree vigor and analysis of growing environments. A total of 20 old trees designated as natural monuments in Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi Province were surveyed. The biological characteristics were surveyed with 4 items of species, ages and height of trees. The surrounding environments were surveyed with 2 items of location types and surroundings. The root conditions were surveyed with 2 items of denudation and molding depth. The health conditions were surveyed with 5 items of withering rate, cavity size, bark breakaway rate, damages by blight and insects, and growing tips. The soil conditions were surveyed with 6 items of PH, organic contents, valid phosphoric acid, transposal cations(K, Ca) and soil compaction. On the basis of outcomes of these research items, mutual relations among locations, growings and soil conditions of old trees were analyzed by carring out cross tabulation, correlation, and simple and multiple regression. Management guidelines were presented searching the factors effecting on the health of the monumental old trees. On the biological characteristics, the old trees designated as natural monuments were Pinus bungeana(4 trees), Juniperus chinensis(3 trees), Ginkgo biloba(3 trees), Poncirus trifoliata(2 trees). Actinidia arguta, Wisteria floribunda, Thuja orientalis, Quercus mongolica, Sophora japonica, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Zelkova serrata, and Pinus densiflora. The tree height ranged from 4.2 to 39.2m, and root collar rounds ranged from 1.01 to 15.2m. On the surrounding environments, The location types ; Gardens(4), historical sites(5), residental sections(3) open agricultural fields(3), mountain hills(3), and near ocean beaches(1) and stream site(1). The surroundings ; 75% denudation of roots, molded more than 10cm except 4 trees(25%). On the health conditions, 1)Withering rate ; Ginkgo biloba(20%) in Yongmoon temple, (5%) in Saki-ri, kanwha-gun, and others had no withering rate. 2) Cavity size ; all subject had $5{\sim}100cm^3$ of cavity. 3) Bark breakaway rate ; Pinus bungeana in Soosong-dong, in the shrine of Confucius, in Samchung-dong, especially high rate of cavity(5~50%) in Seoul area and in Saki-ri, Kangwha-gun were high 45% brakeaway rate. 4) Damages by blight and insects was slight due to managements. 5Growing tips ; In cases of Juniperus chinensis in Changdeok palace and SunnogDang, seoul, growing tips were 1/2, presumably cause by air pollution, and in cases of Fraxinus rhynchophylla in Paju city and Pinus densiflora in BacksaDorip-ri, Icheon city, growing tips were fine, presumably because there were no moldings. On the Soil conditions, Soil pH ranged from 5.2 to 8.3, organic matter contents from 12% to 56%, phosphorus contents from 104 to 618ppm, soil compaction ranged from 7 to 28mm( among them, Denudation was severe with 21~28mm soil compactions in cases of Pinus bungeana in Soosong -dong, Thuja orientalis in Samchung -dong, Ginkgo biloba in the shrine of Confucius and in Yongmoon temple.) Results of cross tabulation, correlation, and regression analysis showed that molding depth was the most serious factor to deteriorate the tree vigor and cambium conductivity. In addition, soil acidity, organic matter contents, disease and insect damages and cambial detachment were also related to the tree vigor. Additional research of these relationships will be needed to conduct more detailed studies. Based on the relationships between the tree vigor and growing environments, it is considered that old trees should be managed to give them more growing spaces and less abuses. Also, molded soils should be removed and further soil-molding around the tree collar should be prohibited. For the construction of systematic management and removal of harmful factors, appropriative management according to spices, persistent monitering of damaged cases and construction of management system through the accumulation of data on the relationships of soil conditions are required.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 1998

This study was carried out to develop the regression model for estimating biomass of natural Pinus densiflora forests by stand density in northeast Chinese area of Mt. Paekdu. Four allometric regression models(W=aD$^b$, W=a(D$^2$H)$^b$. logW=a+b$\cdot$ logD+cD and logW=a+b$\cdot$log(D$^2$H)+c(D$^2$H)) were used to estimate biomass for each of the tree components. The suitable regression model for estimating biomass of stem, bark and whole tree above ground was logW=a+b$\cdot$log(D$^2$H)+c(D$^2$H), and that for biomass of branch, needle and needle area, logW=a+b$\cdot$logD+cD for all of the stand density classes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.176-176
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• 1994

Moraceae comprise a large family of sixty genera and neary 1,400 specieses, including important groups such as Artocarpus, Morus, and Ficus. In particular, Morus(mulberry) is a small genus of tree and shrubs found in temperate and subtropical regions of the Northern hemishere and has been widely cultivated in China and Korea, In addition, the root bark of mulberry tree have been used as an antiphlogic, diuretic, and expectorant in white medicine, and the crude drug is known as "Sangbaikpi" in Korea. Recently, some papers have been published reporting the hypotensive effect, antiviral effect, antifungal effect, inhibitory effect of cAMP-phosphodiesterase, and anticancer effect of this extract. Little is known about that Cortex mori could have been an antiallergic effect. The purpose of this study was the development of an antiallergic agent with an antiallergic effect from Cortex mori. For this, several in vivo and in vitro experimental models were used. Results are 1) Cortex mori inhibited the compound 48/80-induced degranu-lation, histamine release and calcium uptake of rat peritoneal mast cells, 2) compound 48/80-induced anaphylactic shock and cutaneous reaction were significantly inhibited by pretreatment of Cortex mori, and 3) Cortex mori inhibited the ovalbumin-induced late astmatic reaction. From the above results it is suggested that Cortex mori has some substances with an antiallergic activity. Our final purpose of this study is to develope the new drug with an antiallergic activity from Cortex mori

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 1974

Pine forests existing in Hong-do island were examined as regarding such characteristics, tree form, needle length, branch diameter, bark colors, ratio of summer wood to springwood, location and number of resin canal and other measurements. Hong-do island, located the furthest west part of Korea, suports only Pinus densiflora but very few Pinus thunbergii, in fact the present authors could not find any black pine individuals at all through investigation. Checking 14 individual trees of red pine, more than age of 20, of the genetic contamination by black pine, in a certain degree, exist. Here, a very dense foliage type and a very sparse foliage type tree of red pine growing nearby was examined and the unique fact was that each of those type has only one (average number 1.3) accessory resin canal, while other trees have three as minimum or more. The present authors thought this island had not been covered by any Pinus thunbergii but by Pinus densiflora. It was thought that Pinus thunbergii stands grown along the sea-coast of Korean Peninsula are pollen donors to this island.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.73-80
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• 1993

Pinus koraiensis is one of the most important reforestation species which had widely been planted around the country. Therefore, there are great research needs on the fundamental properties of wood to extend the frequency of uses and adequate availabilities. Research results on the characteristics of anatomical wood properties and changes are summarized as follows: 1. At a horizontal direction of tree trunk, the tracheid length at outer wood gradually becomes shorter as it reaches to pith. The tracheid length having between 32 and 42 annual rings showed over 2.5 times longer than that of pith, and also its length increases from the bottom to the top of the stem. 2. The tracheid diameters in latewood showed a little fluctuations, and the shortest near to the pith in earlywood. The tracheid diameters in earlywood are more than 2 times those of latewood, and the differences between the mature and juvenile wood in earlywood are less than 10${\mu}m$. 3. The tracheid wall thickness in early wood showed a little fluctuations. On the contrary, tracheid wall thickness in latewood rapidly increases from the pith to the bark. The tracheid wall of mature wood showed 10 to 20% thicker than that of juvenile wood. 4. The fibril angle at the secondary walls of tracheid within an annual ring showed higher degree in earlywood than that of latewood. The highest tracheid fibril angle was observed at around the pith of both earlywood and latewood. Then, fibril angle slowly decreased toward outer wood, and was stabilized after 15 years. 5. Structural boundaries between mature and juvenile wood from Pinus koraiensis are divided by 13 to 19 annual ring and distance of 5 to 8cm from the pith.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.420-424
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• 2023

In 2020, within the Dongbaekdongsan area in Jeju Island, a Septobasidium sp. associated with a felt disease in Castanopsis sieboldii (Makino) Hatus. ex T. Yamaz. & Mashiba was identified. The symptom included the presence of brown, thin, and silk-like mycelial mats attached to the tree's bark, displaying variations in size from large to small. To induce hyphal growth, the samples collected were incubated in a moist chamber, and the newly formed hyphae were subjected to genomic DNA extractions. The nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer and small subunit rDNA genes were determined, and molecular characteristics among the isolates were investigated through polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. This Septobasidium sp. exhibited distinct morphological and phylogenetic features compared to those that were previously reported in South Korea. Consequently, this strain is taxonomically classified as a provisionally novel species of Septobasidium. Furthermore, the observed felt disease exhibited a high degree of host specificity, as it was exclusively identified in C. sieboldii without occurrence in other tree species at the time of observation.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2006

Quercus mongolica is the most common hardwood species distributed in Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the biomass and energy content of the belowground biomass of Q. mongolica and to obtain the regression equation for estimating root biomass using the tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH). A total of 18 sample trees ranging 20 to 60 year-old were selected in the study sites. Tree height, DBH, age, and weight of stemwood, sapwood, heartwood, stembark, branch, leaf, and root were measured for total biomass. The highly positive correlation was shown between the biomass of most of variables of aboveground components and root biomass. The regression equation of the aboveground total biomass was $log\;W_A\;=\;1.469\;+\;0.992\;log\;D^2H\;(R^2 =0.99)$. The regression equation of the belowground biomass was $log\;W_R\;=\;1.527\;+\;0.808\;log\;D^2H\;(R^2\;=\;0.97)$. The mean energy contents of sapwood, heartwood, bark, leaf, and root were 19,594 J/g DW, 19,571 J/g DW, 19,999 J/g DW, 20,664 J/g DW, and 19,273 J/g DW, respectively. The results obtained from this study can be used to estimate biomass and energy content of belowground using easily measurable variables such as DBH and tree height ranging from 20 to 60-year-old Q. mongolica stands.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.250-257
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• 2017

Eight hydrolyzable tannin compounds, such as gallic acid (1), methyl gallate (2), kurigalin (3), 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-${\beta}$-D-(+)-glucose (4), 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-${\beta}$-D-(+)-glucose (5), 6-m-digalloyl-1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-${\beta}$-D-(+)-glucose (6), isocorilagin (7), macabarterin (8), were isolated from the EtOAc and $H_2O$ soluble fractions of Katsura tree (Cercidiphyllum japonicum) leaves, wood and bark. Then antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity were evaluated on the each isolated compound. The antioxidative test was DPPH radical scavenging activity and all of the isolated compounds indicated much higher antioxidative values compare to the controls, BHT and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol. In the anti-inflammatory test measuring nitric oxide (NO) inhibition activity, methyl gallate, 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-${\beta}$-D-glucose and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-${\beta}$-D-glucose inhibited NO production, and especially, methyl gallate showed high inhibition activity. However, the anti-inflammatory activity of the hydrolyzable tannins did not show positive effect. Based on the above results, the hydrolyzable tannins of katsura tree may be used as one of the natural biomass sources that can substitute with the synthetic antioxidant.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.87-100
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• 2016

This research was performed for the purpose of providing useful and base data and preservation strategy of growth characteristics of Rhododendron micranthum. From the result of research, wild growth area of Rhododendron micranthum was discovered near steep forest road on 695~901m in altitude above sea level of Baekdu-daegan National Arboretum. Vegetation colony structure of Site I was resulted in Pinus densiflora(tree stratum M.I.P.=45.3%) is dominants, Betula schmidtii(arborescent M.I.P.=9.8%) is second dominant, and Site III resulted in Pinus densiflora(tree stratum M.I.P.=30.5%) is dominants, Betula schmidtii(arborescent M.I.P.=10.3%) is second dominant. Site II resulted in Betula schmidtii(arborescent M.I.P.=30.4%) is dominants and Pinus densiflora tree(tree stratum M.I.P.=8.3%) is second dominants. For herbs, it was researched that the rate of one year herb of chrysanthemum family(10), rice family(3), sedge(2) was higher than near forest area. Among Species diversity index, that of Shannon was in range of 0.7348~1.1090. After comparing this with similar area, this value was relatively low. Dominance analysis result was analyzed that various groups are evenly distributed. Monthly highest average temperature is $23.9^{\circ}$ in Site A and Site B, and monthly lowest average temperature is $-4.5^{\circ}C$ in Site I and $-4.7^{\circ}C$ in Site II. Monthly maximum average humidity is 85.6% in Site I and 83.2% in Site II. Monthly minimum average humidity is 60.9% in Site I and 60.8% in Site II and it showed that these 2 area are located far away but have similar temperature and humidity characteristic and climate environment is similar. It was analyzed that humidity is high with the result of annual average humidity is over 60%. In growth characteristic, it showed that doubt damage of Stephanitis pyrioides, exposure of roots, peeled bark was discovered and supplement on this is urgent.