• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.625-635
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• 2011

This paper investigates the effects of spatial autocorrelation structures in low resolution data on downscaling without ground measurements or secondary data, as well as the potential of geostatistical downscaling. An advanced geostatistical downscaling scheme applied in this paper consists of two analytical steps: the estimation of the point-support spatial autocorrelation structure by variogram deconvolution and the application of area-to-point kriging. Point kriging of block data without variogram deconvolution is also applied for a comparison purpose. Experiments using two low resolution thematic maps derived from remote sensing data showing very different spatial patterns are carried out to discuss the objectives. From the experiments, it is demonstrated that the advanced geostatistical downscaling scheme can generate the downscaling results that well preserve overall patterns of original low resolution data and also satisfy the coherence property, regardless of spatial patterns in input low resolution data. Point kriging of block data can produce the downscaling result compatible to that by area-to-point kriging when the spatial continuity in block data is strong. If heterogeneous local variations are dominant in input block data, the treatment of the low resolution data as point data cannot generate the reliable downscaling result, and this simplification should not be applied to donwscaling.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.1-6
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• 2010

Patterned optical components are widely used for optical products such as LCD and lighting. Since CCFL was used as a light source in the products, prism films having linear continuous optical patterns were widely used. However, LED which is a dot light source is popular recently, therefore, the optical products need new optical components having non-continuous optical patterns. Indentation machining method is a powerful method for machining of non-continuous pattern. When a copper mold and a brass mold were machined by this method, severe plastic deformation called pile-up was observed around the patterns. Since pile-up has negative relationship to ductility, this deformation can be eliminated by annealing treatment which makes the materials ductile. No plastic deformation occurred when machined after annealing at $600{^{\circ}C}$ and $575{^{\circ}C}$ for copper and brass, respectively. Finally, non-continuous optical patterns with high quality were machined on a copper mold and a brass mold successively.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.143-161
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• 2004

In Dongeuibogam "東醫寶鑑", Qian Yi(錢乙)'s had been reorganized in more elaborated ways, comprising Ju dan Gae(朱丹溪)'s 'Yang is always sufficient and Yin is always deficient theory(陽有餘陰不足論) and Li Dong Yuan(李東垣)'s 'Theory of the Spleen and Stomach(脾胃論)'. In organizing the contents, 5 Organs(五臟) were mostly concerned especially 'the Heart, the Fire (心火) and the Kidney, the Water(腎水)' as the axis and 'the Spleen and Stomach(脾胃)' as the center of 5 Organs. Based on this concept, the patterns of disharmonies were categorized and the table of content was organized. In this book, 'Deficiency-Excess and Nourishing-Draining(虛實補瀉)'is the basic treatment rule and the concept of 'Yin and Yang(陰陽)' and 'Exterior and Interior(表裏)' is considered to help tell the prognosis. This book has importance of systemizing Qian Yi(錢乙)'s , which was previously mentioned in Hyangyakjipseongbang("鄕藥集成方"),Euibangyoochui("醫方類聚"), Euirimchyalyo("醫林撮要"), by comprising the theories of Jin Yuan Si Da J ia -the four great masters of the Jin Yuan Dynasties(金元四大家).

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.75-86
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• 2017

The facial palsy is one of the most common illness in Western-Korean collaborative treatment (hereinafter "collaborative treatment"). The purpose of this study is to analyze facial palsy patients'collaborative treatment use patterns. By analysing the 2014 National Health Insurance Review and Assessment Patient Sample Data (NPS 2014) with the episode of care unit, we have found the following results. First, the collaborative treatment is preferred by patients over 50 years old and female. Second, western medicine mainly focuses on diagnosis and medical examination while korean medicine and collaborative treatment focus more on treatment activity. Third, western medicine showed the shortest treatment period, followed by korean medicine and collaborative treatment. However, the cost of medical treatment per day is highest in western medicine. The analysis of the use patterns of collaborative treatment shown in the study is expected to provide a direction for the development of clinical practice guidelines and the establishment of medical policies in the future.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.367-394
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to evaluate self perception of occlusal status and recognition for orthodontic treatment as well as the prevalence of orthodontic treatment need objectively and subjectively. 3979 (male 2107, female 1872) school students of age 7~18 were analyzed by questionnaire and clinical examination and the results were as follows, 1. Perception of occlusal status on one's own was more generous than that of orthodontist's and it was affected by the factors such as age, patterns of malocclusion. 2. Recogniuon of subjective need for orthodontic treatment was more generous than that of objective need for the treatment, and factors such as age and sex of patient, parents' age and rate of education, income, occupation, classification of malocclusion and regional discrepancy were influenced. 3. Negative aspect of orthodontic treatment was influenced by the environmental factors. 4. A survey of want for orthodontic treatment showed one's alteration in recognition of the occlusal status with age and esthetic component was much more emphasized than functional component. 5. The multivariate discriminanat analysis for orthodontic treatment group showed that mother's rate of education, classification of malocclusion, demographic characteristics were critical in the determination of treatment group. 6. Test of inter-examiner reliability showed moderate coincidence.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.9B no.5
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• pp.663-672
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• 2002

In this paper, Using an automatic tracking system, behavior of an aquatic insect, Chironomus sp. (Chironomidae), was observed in semi-natural conditions in response to sub-lethal treament of a carbamate insecticide, carbofuran. The fourth instar larvae were placed in an observation cage $(6cm\times{7cm}\times{2.5cm)}$ at temperature of $18^\circ{C}$ and the light condition of 10 time (light) : 14 time (dark). The tracking system was devised to detect the instant, partial movement of the insect body. Individual movement was traced after the treatment of carbofuran (0.1ppm) for four days 2days : before treatment, 2 days : after treatment). Along with the other irregular behaviors, "ventilation activity", appearing as a shape of "compressed zig-zag", was more frequently observed after the treatment of the insecticide. The activity of the test individuals was also generally depressed after the chemical treatment. In order to detect behavioral changes of the treated specimens, wavelet analysis was implemented to characterize different movement patterns. The extracted parameters based on Discrete Wavelet Transforms (DWT) were subsequently provided to artificial neural networks to be trained to represent different patterns of the movement tracks before and after treatments of the insecticide. This combined model of wavelets and artificial neural networks was able to point out the occurrence of characteristic movement patterns, and could be an alternative tool for automatically detecting presences of toxic chemicals for water quality monitoring. quality monitoring.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.166-172
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• 2019

Background: Hypercalcemia is an important metabolic emergency condition in cancer patients. Bisphosphonate is the treatment of choice for hypercalcemia, whereas calcitonin and hydration with furosemide are recommended for acute supportive therapy. However, data regarding real-world treatment patterns and outcomes of pharmacological treatments are limited. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the treatment patterns and clinical outcomes of hypercalcemia treatment in solid tumor patients. Methods: Electronic medical records of 123 adults with solid cancers and albumin-corrected calcium levels >10.5 mg/dL or ionized calcium levels >1.35 mmol/L were reviewed. We retrospectively analyzed the pharmacological treatment and recovery rate according to the severity of hypercalcemia. Results: A total of 177 cases were identified, of which 49 were not treated and 30 were treated with hydration only. In moderate-to-severe cases, 86.5% received pharmacological treatment. Thirty-four cases (19.2%) were treated with bisphosphonate alone and 58 cases (32.8%) were treated with bisphosphonate and calcitonin. In mild hypercalcemia cases, the recovery rate was higher for those receiving hydration only or pharmacological treatment (79.7%) than for those receiving no treatment (61.4%, p = 0.041). Most moderate-to-severe cases were treated with medication and of those treated, 56.3% recovered. The recovery rate was lower in those treated with bisphosphonate alone (38.2%) than in those who underwent calcitonin combination treatment (73.7%, p = 0.001). Conclusions: Bisphosphonate combined with calcitonin was found to be more effective than bisphosphonate alone for the treatment of moderate-to-severe hypercalcemia. Considering the current shortage of calcitonin, further efforts are required to ensure its stable supply.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.283-288
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• 2016

Background: Sevoflurane sedation in pediatric and disabled patients has the advantage of faster induction and recovery compared to general anesthesia, as well as minimum influence on the respiratory and cardiovascular functions, and airway protective reflexes. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of sevoflurane sedation used in dental treatment at one provincial dental clinic center for the disabled. Methods: We investigated patients' gender, age, reasons for undergoing sedation, medication history prior to treatment, duration of anesthesia, treatment length, type of treatment, and yearly patterns, for 387 cases of dental treatment performed using sevoflurane sedation from January 2013 to October 2016. Results: We analyzed 387 cases (215 male patients, 172 female patients). Male patients aged 20 year or older accounted for 39.0% of all patients, marking the highest proportion. Patient's lack of cooperation was the most common reason for performing dental sedation. Prosthetic treatment was the most frequently practiced, accounting for 174 treatment cases. The mean lengths of the entire treatment and of the dental procedure were 55.2 min and 39.8 min, respectively. Conclusions: Sevoflurane sedation has the advantage of fast anesthesia induction and recovery compared to general anesthesia; therefore, it can be used efficiently to induce anesthesia in pediatric and disabled patients during short dental procedures, enabling stable treatment of these patients.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) applied to the unilateral upper extremity on the muscle activation of contralateral lower extremity. Twenty-two healthy subjects (mean age of 23.7 years) participated in this study. Method : PNF patterns applied on the unilateral upper extremity in all subjects were the flexion/abduction/external rotation and lifting pattern. The hold and appoximation techniques for the irradiation were applied to end range of both patterns. Muscle activations in four patterns were measured in vastus medialis, tibialis anterior, rectus femoris, and gastrocnemius medial muscles of contralateral lower extremity using surface EMG system. Each EMG value in individual muscle was normalized for maximal voluntary contraction. The data were analyzed by one factor analysis of variance with repeated measure test. Result : There were significant differences in the between-subject effect (muscles) and within-subject effect (patterns) in comparison of muscle activation by application of PNF patterns (p<.05). The irradiation led to higher activation in the flexion/abduction/external rotation pattern than that of lifting pattern in all muscles (p<.05). The approximation techniques revealed more activations than these of hold technique in all muscles (p<.05). Conclusion : These results suggest that the application of PNF patterns to the unilateral upper extremity affect on the muscle activation of contralateral lower extremity and increase according to the intensity of resistance. This mechanism of contralateral effect might provide a help to the development of treatment method for the affected side and functional improvement for the patients who have damages of central nervous system or musculoskeletal problems by orthopedic injury.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.355-362
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to establish the prevalence and patterns of nonsyndromic tooth agenesis in patients referred to a tertiary health care facility. Methods: The intraoral records and panoramic radiographs of 9,874 patients aged 12-22 years were evaluated. The study group included 716 patients (371 male, 345 female) with non-syndromic agenesis of at least one tooth (except the third molars). The study data were assessed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and Mann-Whitney U test, while patterns were evaluated using a tooth agenesis code (TAC) tool. Results: A total of 1,627 congenitally missing teeth, were found in patients with non-syndromic tooth agenesis, with an average of 2.27 missing teeth per patient. The prevalence of tooth agenesis was 7.25%, and the most commonly missing teeth were the left mandibular second premolars (10.17%). The age group comparison revealed no significant difference in the median number of missing teeth per patient according to the cutoff values for ages between 12 and 22 years. When the missing teeth were examined separately according to quadrants, 114 different tooth agenesis patterns (upper right quadrant = 28, upper left quadrant = 27, lower left quadrant = 31, and lower right quadrant = 28) were identified, and 81 of these patterns appeared only once. Conclusions: This study highlights the benefits of applying the TAC tool in a large sample population. The application of the TAC tool in such studies will enable the development of template treatment plans by determining homogenous patterns of tooth agenesis in certain populations.