• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.61-74
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• 2006

Objectives : Nocturnal enuresis is one of common disorders in children. However, there are not a lot of researches going on about this disease, and also standardized criteria for analyzing were insufficient in Korea. Therefore, clinical researches were not in the confidence level. Methods : Korean journals which were published in 1990 to 2006, and online journals about nocturnal enuresis were used for analyzing based on outcome criteria. Results : The International Children's Continence Society and the World Health Organization have published outcome criteria about nocturnal enuresis, but different, often idiosyncratic, outcome criteria and/or definitions have been adopted in published research on treatment for nocturnal enuresis in recent years. But a new set of criteria suggested by Butler, Robinson, and et. al. referred to as a "dryness scale", which focuses on the percentage of dry nights accomplished at a point in time, will be an alternative proposal. These criteria will be of help to make standardized and proper outcome criteria in oriental medical studies. Conclusions : Agreed standardized outcome criteria in nocturnal enuresis treatment is needed.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.1-25
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• 2019

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze the trends of Chinese clinical research in the last 5 years of Chinese herbal medicine treatment for anorexia in children, and to find ways to utilize the diagnostic criteria and herbal medicine treatment for children who have anorexia in Korea. Methods The authors searched literatures using China National Knowledge Infrastructure published from January 1, 2015 to June 18, 2019. Selected literatures were collected in order of recent publication year. And then, demographic data, duration of illness, intervention, treatment period, outcome, and adverse events were analyzed. In addition, the diagnostic criteria for anorexia in children are categorized and presented in chart. Results A total of 50 papers were included in the analysis of this study. In the selected studies, the most commonly used diagnostic criteria for anorexia in children were ${\ll}$Zhu Futang Practice of Pediatrics${\gg}$ in Western medicine and ${\ll}$Diagnostic and therapeutic criteria for TCM syndromes${\gg}$ in traditional Chinese medicine. As a result, in all the studies reporting total efficacy, the total effective rate of the treatment group treated with herbal medicine was significantly higher than that of the control group. Also, appetite recovery rate and weight gain were significantly higher, gastric emptying time and appetite recovery time were significantly shorter in the treatment group. Conclusions Herbal medicine treatment can help improve anorexia in children. In Korea, diagnostic criteria for anorexia in children should be established. In addition, criteria should be established to evaluate the effectiveness of herbal medicine treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2019

Objectives: The aim of this study was to use four sets of success criteria to evaluate the outcomes of arthrocentesis treatment with hyaluronic acid injection in patients with internal derangement (ID) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Materials and Methods: The study included 40 patients diagnosed with unilateral Wilkes stage III TMJ dysfunction. Clinical parameters, including maximum mouth opening (MMO) and pain during function, were evaluated preoperatively, 6 months, and 1 year after TMJ arthrocentesis. Outcomes were assessed and compared using four sets of success criteria from the following: the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS; MMO ${\geq}35mm$ and visual analogue scale [VAS] score ${\leq}3$), Murakami et al.'s criteria (MMO >38 mm and VAS score <2), Emshoff and Rudisch criteria (MMO ${\geq}35mm$ and >50% pain reduction), and patient self-reports (self-evaluation of treatment as successful or unsuccessful). Results: Significant improvements in MMO and pain reduction during function were observed between the preoperative period and 6 months and 1 year postoperatively (P<0.01). The success rates of treatment determined using AAOMS (52.5%), Emshoff and Rudisch criteria (57.5%), and self-reported patient criteria (40.0%) were similar. Application of the Murakami et al. criteria reported the lowest success rate (12.5%). Conclusion: The AAOMS and Emshoff and Rudisch criteria are consistent with patient expectations and can be used to assess treatment efficacy.

• Korean Journal of Schizophrenia Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.45-50
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• 2020

Schizophrenia is one of serious mental illnesses and is often described as a heterogeneous disorder. Approximately one-third of schizophrenia cases are treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). The aim of this study was to review the definitions and clinical features of TRS. Though it was found that the criteria for TRS were considerably diverse, the Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) consensus criteria were recently introduced. According to the TRRIP criteria, TRS should be suspected if symptoms persist alongside psychotic symptoms despite sufficient treatment for ≥12 weeks, or two or more symptoms persist significantly for ≥6 weeks. The clinical characteristics of TRS includes an earlier age of onset, more severe and familial form, possibly more rural residence, unlikely association with male sex, and an increase in cognitive deficits.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.327-336
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• 2002

Disinfection process in water treatment plants (WTPs) is one of the most important step in order to inactivate waterborne disease. However, what is the necessary disinfection in WTPs was not properly established in Korea. This study was conducted to evaluate disinfection performance in nationwide water treatment plants (n=474). Disinfection requirement based on the SWTR (Surface Water Treatment Rule) of the U.S. (1-log Giardia removal) was chosen in estimating the compliance. The scope of unit process for evaluating disinfection performance includes postdisinfection process in clearwells, pipeline, and storage tank. The worst water quality condition in individual WTPs was applied for the disinfection performance evaluation. The major results are as follows. First, it was appeared that 184 WTPs (39 %) provided insufficient disinfection performance. Disinfection performance was significantly improved during past 2 years. The ratio of the number of WTPs providing insufficient disinfection performance in 1999 and 2001 was 78 % and 41 %, respectively. One of major factors for this improvement was due to the improvement of $T_{10}/T$ value in clearwell, as a result of modification of clearwell facility. Second, if disinfection criteria is 3-log Giardia inactivation at worst water quality condition, then 19 % of all WTPs can not meet this disinfection criteria. And if disinfection criteria is strengthened to 4-log Giardia inactivation, then 58 % of all WTPs can not meet this disinfection criteria. Since disinfection criteria is decided by contamination level of Giardia in source water, it also needs the investigation of Giardia occurrence in source water.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.308-313
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• 2006

Charicteristics of piggery waste and treatment processing sludges for reuse were investigated. If it was thoroughly regulated in disinfectants, antibiotic substances and heavy metals, raw piggery waste can be gratified in criteria for fermentative compost (liquid) for flowers cultivation. Also, Because it is satisfied with various criteria of heavy metals and fertilizer contents for reuse except water content, primary pre-treatment sludge is very good material for composting. If provated goods on heavy metals are used in coagulation & dewatering process, coagulation & dewatering sludges are suitable for criteria of special waste regulation and by-product compost. This study proves that, if they are accomplished with suitable composting and mature process, piggery waste and processing sludges are free from microbiological problems as well as criteria of composting.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.756-760
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• 2007

Most of the sewage treatment plants in Korea are being operated by using the conventional activated sludge process. Recently, as the water criteria have been strict with regard to such main culprits of eutrophication, the existing sewage treatment plants are obliged to upgrade their treatment technology to meet the criteria. Under such circumstances, this study was aimed at analyzing the conditions of an existing sewage treatment plants in Korea, and thereupon, test its treatment performance for the actual sewage water by operating a pilot plant. When the pilot plant was operated with the NPR process at the capacity of $30m^3/day$, the average contents of BOD, $COD_{Mn}$, SS, T-N and T-P in the effluents were 7.0 mg/L, 9.7 mg/L, 5.1 mg/L, 8.0 mg/L and 0.23 mg/L, respectively, which were very stable in general. Accordingly, if the NPR process used for this pilot plant to upgrade the treatment technology for the sewage treatment plat could be adopted, the effluent water quality criteria effective beginning from 2008 would be met.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.174-177
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• 2015

Objective : For improving the drawbacks of previous thoracolumbar spine trauma classification, the Spine Trauma Study Group was developed new classification, Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity Score (TLICS). The simplicity of this scoring system makes it useful clinical application. However, considering criteria of Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA), the usefulness of TLICS system is still controversial in the treatment decision of thoracolumbar spine injury. Methods : Total 100 patients, who admitted to our hospital due to acute traumatic thoracolumbar injury, were enrolled. In 45, surgical treatment was performed and surgical treatment was decided following the criteria of HIRA in all patients. With assessing of TLICS score and Denis's classification, the treatment guidelines of TLICS and Denis's classification were applied to the criteria of Korean HIRA. Results : According to the Denis's three-column spine system, numbers of patients with 2 or 3 column injuries were 94. Only 45 of 94 patients (47.9%) with middle column injury fulfilled the criteria of HIRA. According to TLICS system, operation required fractures (score>4) were 31 and all patients except one fulfilled the criteria of HIRA. Conservative treatment required fractures (score<4) were 52 and borderline fracture (score=4) were 17. Conclusion : The TLICS system is very useful system for decision of surgical indication in acute traumatic thoracolumbar injury. However, the decision of treatment in TLICS score 4 should be carefully considered. Furthermore, definite criteria of posterior ligamentous complex (PLC) injury may be necessary because the differentiation of PLC injury between TLICS score 2 and 3 is very difficult.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.243-261
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• 2006

Priority setting in national health insurances in major advanced countries and the nation was investigated to draw the criteria for priority setting and suggest the most rational criteria for dental insurance so as to help secure the efficiency of medicare financing and individual's health right and also elevate medical consumers' satisfaction with health insurance. 1. Priorities in national health insurance are different from country to country, depending on the medical security systems, priority introducing conditions, and social environment, but have many common factors. 2. The priority setting criteria for national health insurance in those countries include the following in common: the efficiency, equity, and cost effect of treatment, emergency of treatment, consumption of expense, efficacy of treatment, patient's receptiveness, patient's demand, severity of disease, and patient's responsibility for the disease. 3. In oral diseases, severe diseases including oral cavity cancer are low in rate, and in-hospital treatments are few. From the above findings, it is suggested that dental insurance should establish discriminative criteria for priority setting by reflecting the aspects of dental diseases and system difference between dental and other health insurances and taking account of efficiency of treatment through prevention, cost effect, prevalence and incidence of generalized diseases, and individual's financing burden.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.14-24
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• 2017

Objectives The study was conducted to evaluate the recent treatment and study trends of tic disorder by reviewing domestic and international randomized controlled studies. Methods The acupuncture treatment on tic disorder randomized control study articles (published by June 10th, 2016) were selected from seven academic literature archives; NDSL, OASIS, KTKP, Pubmed, J-STAGE, CNKI, and CINAHL. Results Ten articles were identified after searching. These studies were analyzed by year, diagnostic criteria, intervention, evaluation criteria, treatment points, treatment effect, treatment duration, and 'Risk of Bias' assessment. Conclusions According to the articles, acupuncture was effective in treating tic disorder. However, additional well-designed randomized controlled studies will be required to justify the effectiveness of acupuncture treatment on tic disorder.