• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.99-104
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• 2005

Background: Malignant gliomas are the most common primary tumors in the central nervous system. Methods: We investigated the combined effect of PG490 and LPS on the induction of the apoptotic pathway in human astroglioma cells. Results: Treatment of U87 cells with combination of 50nM of PG490 and $50{\mu}g/ml$ of LPS resulted in increased internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, cleavage of PLC-${\gamma}1$, and downregulation of cIAP1 and XIAP. The combination of LPS and PG490 treatment-induced apoptosis is mediated through the activation of caspase, which is inhibited by the caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk. Also, release of cytochrome c was found in PG490 and LPS-cotreated U87 cell. Conclusion: Taken together, combination of PG490 and LPS appears to be a potent inducer of apoptosis in astrogliaoma cells, and might have some benefit in the treatment of glioma patients.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.599-603
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• 2014

Background: Reproductive cancers are those that affect the human organs that are involved in producing offspring. An attempt is made in the present communication to assess the magnitude and pattern of reproductive cancers, including their treatment modalities, in India. The cancer incidence data related to reproductive cancers collected by five population-based urban registries, namely Bangalore, Bhopal, Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai, for the years 2006-08 were utilized. The reproductive cancers among females constituted around 25% of the total and around 9% among males. Among females, the three major contributors were cervix (55.5%), ovary (26.1%) and corpus uteri (12.4%). Similarly among males, the three major contributors were prostate (77.6%), penis (11.6%) and testis (10.5%). For females, the AAR of reproductive cancers varied between 30.5 in the registry of Mumbai to 37.3 in the registry of Delhi. In males, it ranged between 6.5 in the registry of Bhopal to 14.7 in the registry of Delhi. For both males and females, the individual reproductive cancer sites showed increasing trends with age. The leading treatment provided was: radio-therapy in combination with chemo-therapy for cancers of cervix (48.3%) and vagina (43.9%); surgery in combination with chemo-therapy (54.9%) for ovarian cancer; and surgery in combination with radio-therapy for the cancers of the corpus uteri (39.8%). In males, the leading treatment provided was hormone-therapy for prostate cancer (39.6%), surgery for penile cancer (81.3%) and surgery in combination with chemo-therapy for cancer of the testis (57.6%).

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 2016

This study was performed to estimate the clinical use of combination therapy with atovaquone/proguanil and azithromycin as a effective treatment in dogs infected with Babesia gibsoni. Eight mixed-breed dogs that were infected naturally with B. gibsoni were used in this study. Four dogs (No. 1-4) as experimental group received atovaquone/proguanil and azithromycin therapy. As for the other four dogs as the control group (No. 5-8) were administered diminazene aceturate and tetracycline/clindamycin. All the dogs in this study showed mild to severe anemia and thrombocytopenia. After initiating the treatment B. gibsoni in blood smears disappeared. PCR analysis of the experimental group showed negative results during the observation period, but more than one dog from the control groups showed continuous positive results. Atovaquone/proguanil and azithromycin combination therapy can significantly lower the B. gibsoni parasitemia levels and the results suggested that this combination therapy should be a new protocol for an effective treatment in dogs infected with B. gibsoni.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.276-282
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• 2023

Immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA) is an inflammatory, noninfectious disease that affects two or more joints in dogs. Immunosuppressive doses of prednisolone are considered the initial treatment choice for dogs with IMPA. However, few reports have described the combination of mycophenolate mofetil and prednisolone for treating dogs with IMPA. In this report, we described the cases of three dogs treated with a combination of mycophenolate mofetil and prednisolone. The clinical signs were alleviated in all cases, and C-reactive protein levels were reduced after treatment. Our results show that combination therapy of mycophenolate mofetil and prednisolone is effective in managing IMPA. However, careful monitoring of the potential adverse effects, including sporadic infections and metabolic diseases, is necessary. In addition, screening tests and appropriate treatments are necessary for proteinuria, a common complication in dogs with IMPA.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2015

A combined treatment system using multiple source water is becoming important as an alternative to conventional water supply for small-scale water systems. In this research, combined water treatment systems were investigated for simultaneous use of multi-source water including rainwater, ground water, river water, and reclaimed wastewater. A laboratory-scale system was developed to systematically compare various combinations of water treatment processes, including sand filtration, microfiltration (MF), granular activated carbon (GAC), and nanofiltration (NF). Results showed that the efficiency of combined water treatment systems was affected by the quality of feed waters. In addition, a simply approach based on the concept of linear combination was suggested to support a decision-making for the optimum water treatment systems with the consideration of final water quality.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.1051-1057
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• 2008

Safflower red and Amur Cork Tree dyes have used for dyeing on cotton fabrics largely. But they have low degree of lightfastness, So this study investigated the effect of BTCA pre-treatment on lightfastness of cotton fabrics dyed with Safflower red and Amur Cork Tree. The result is as the following; By FT-IR spectra, crosslingking was proved in cotton fabric pre treated with BTCA. K/S value of Safflower red dyed cotton fabric pretreated with BTCA was much more decreased than untreated cotton fabric with BTCA. It showed that the hue of the Safflower red dyed cotton fabric changed from reddish purple to red. However, K/S value of Amur Cork Tree dyed cotton fabric pre treated with BTCA was much more increased than untreated cotton fabric with BTCA. It showed that the hue of the Amur Cork Tree dyed cotton fabric changed from green yellow to yellow. For K/S value of Combination dyed cotton fabric pre treated with BTCA, Safflower red color was much more decreased than untreated cotton fabric. But Amur Cork Tree color was much more increased than untreated cotton fabric. It changed from reddish purple, red, yellowe red, to yellow in hue. ${{\Delta}E^*}_{ab}$ of Combination dyed cotton fabric in 40 hours irradiation was 15.7, however ${{\Delta}E^*}_{ab}$ of Combination dyed cotton fabric treated with 2% BTCA was 8.0, and that treated with 3% BTCA was 9.8. So, pre-treatment with BTCA to combination dyed cotton fabric with Safflower red and Amur Cork Tree showed more effective improvement of Lightfastness than untreated cotton fabric with BTCA.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.203-206
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• 2018

Objectives: There is an increasing number of complex diseases that are progressively more difficult to be controlled using the conventional "single compound, single target" approach as demonstrated in our current modern drug development. TCM might be the new cornerstone of treatment alternative when the current treatment option is no longer as effective or that we have exhausted it as an option. Orthogonal stimulus-response compatibility group study is one of the most frequently employed formulas to produce optimal herbal combination for treatment of multi-syndromic diseases. This approach could solve the relatively low efficacy single drug therapy usage and chronic adverse effects caused by long terms administration of drugs that has been reported in the field of pharmacology and medicine Methods: The present review was based on the Science Direct database search for those related to the TCM and the development of antihypertensive TCM herbal combination using orthogonal stimulus-response compatibility group studies approach. Results: Recent studies have demonstrated that the orthogonal stimulus-response compatibility group study approach was most frequently used to formulate TCM herbal combination based on the TCM principles upon the selection of herbs, and the resulting formulated TCM formula exhibited desired outcomes in treating one of global concerned complex multi-syndromic diseases, the hypertension. These promising therapeutic effects were claimed to have been attributed by the holistic signaling mechanism pathways employed by the crude combination of herbs. Conclusion: The present review could serve as a guide and prove the feasibility of TCM principles to be used for future pharmacological drug research development.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.143-155
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• 2007

Objectives: To observe the effect of acupuncture and nerve block combination treatment on adhesive capsulitis patients. Methods : 59 voluntary patients were randomly assigned to acupuncture treatment group(E group, n=22), nerve block treatment group(W group, n=17) and acupuncture and nerve block combination treatment group(EW group, n=20). The E group received acupuncture treatment on LI15, $TE_{14}$, $GB_{21}$ and Master Dong's acupuncture points, Shin-gwan and Gyun-joong, twice a week for 4 weeks. The W group received suprascapular nerve block, subacromial injection and trigger point injection, twice a week for 4 weeks. The EW group received the same treatment as the W group and after 5minutes of rest, successively received the treatment identical to that of E group. All three groups were instructed to practice groups were instructed to practice self exercise during their daily lives. Evaluations were made before treatment and after 1, 2, 3 and 4week treatment. Constant Shoulder Assessment(CSA), Shoulder Pain and Disability Index(SPADI), Range of Motion(ROM), the patient's treatment satisfaction measured by Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) and Digital Infrared Thermographic Imaging(DITI) were used as assessment tools. The obtained data were analyzed and compared. Results : The E group showed significant improvement(p<0.05) on CSA, SPADI, VAS and DITI. As for ROM, Adduction and Extension improved significantly(p<0.05). The W group showed significant improvement(p<0.05) on CSA, SPADI, VAS and DITI. As for ROM, Abduction and Extension improved significantly. The EW group showed significant improvement(p<0.05) on CSA, SPADI and VAS. As for ROM, Adduction, Abduction, Extension and Flexion improved significantly. The improvement of CSA, VAS and Abduction ROM in the EW group was significantly(p<0.05) superior compared to the groups treated with single type of treatment. Conclusion : It is suggested that acupuncture and nerve block combination treatment for adhesive capsulitis patients is more effective than the two single treatments. Through further studies, the acupuncture and nerve block combination treatment model may be developed into East-West Collaboration Model in treating adhesive capsulitis.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.384-394
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• 2004

This study was carried out to monitor the response of ovaries and cyst according to treatment with GnRH or combination of GnRH and $PGF_2{\alpha}$ in dairy cows with ovarian follicular cysts. Thirty cows were diagnosed as having follicular cysts by rectal palpation, ultrasonography and progesterone (P4) assays. Ten cows were treated with GnRH (control), and the other twenty were treated with $PGF_2{\alpha}$ at 10 days after GnRH treatment. All the animals were re-examined by ultrasonography and blood was collected for the measurement of plasma P4 concentration at day 0 (the day of treatment), day 7, day 10, day 13, day 24 and day 34, respectively. In 30 cows that were diagnosed with follicular cysts, mean plasma P 4 concentrations on day -II and day -I were 0.3 ng/ml and 0.4 ng/ml. On day 10 increased as 2.7$\pm$0.2 ng/ml. Mean cystic wall thickness by ultrasonography on day -11 and day -I were 2.1 mm and 2.2 mm. In 9 cows responded on luteinization of cystic wall, cystic wall thickness was 3.9$\pm$0.5 mm at day 10 after GnRH treatment. The responses of ovaries until day 10 after GnRH treatment included development of corpus luteum in the ovary bearing the cyst or in the contralateral ovary (12 cows), luteinization of cystic wall (6 cows) and clouding of the anechoic antrum of cysts (2 cows). The ovarian responses according to the combination of GnRH and $PGF_2{\alpha}$ included regression of the corpus luteum (12 cows), increase (1 cow) and no change (1 cow) of cyst size until last examination, and complete disappearance on day 13 (6 cows), 23 (6 cows) and 34 (4 cows). Combination treatment group of GnRH and $PGF_2{\alpha}$ showed a higher pregnancy rate within 100 days after initial treatment (40.0 vs 65.0%) and shorter intervals from the treatment to conception (45.4$\pm$25.8 vs 53.5$\pm$31.4 days) compared with control. It was concluded that the administration of $PGF_2{\alpha}$ following GnRH treatment is effective in shortening the interval from treatment to conception in cows with follicular cyst. Also, this study suggested that the response of the cyst according to treatment revealed various types. Therefore, veterinarians should pay attention to monitor of the response of cystic ovaries after treatment, specially no change, slowly decrease or increasement of cyst size after treatment.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1294-1298
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• 2009

To investigate whether isoflavone genistein and daidzein could affect cancer cell viability, human colorectal HCT116 cells were incubated with genistein or daidzein in a dose-dependent manner. Genistein decreased cancer cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, whereas daidzein did not show dramatic cytotoxic effects. We also found that 71 genes were up-regulated more than 2-fold, whereas 64 genes were down-regulated more than 2-fold with 24 hr of $50{\mu}M$ genistein treatment by our previous microarray data. Among the up-regulated genes, we selected 3 genes (DKK1, ATF3 and NAG-1) and performed RT-PCR to confirm microarray data. The results of RT-PCR were highly correlated with those of the microarray experiment. In addition, we investigated whether a combination treatment of genistein and daidzein could affect cancer cell viability. Surprisingly, the combination treatment did show synergistic cytotoxic effects detected by MTS assay. The results of RT-PCR and real-time PCR indicate that a combination of genistein and daidzein can synergistically induce NAG-1 expression in HCT116 cells. This result implies that NAG-1 induction is highly associated with synergistic cytotoxic effects induced by a combination treatment of genistein and daidzein. Overall, these results may provide a clue in explaining the anti-cancer activity of soy bean in human colorectal cancer.