• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 2009

T1, T2강조영상, FLAIR (fluid attenuated inversion recovery) 영상기법은 뇌 MRI의 가장 기본적인 영상기법들이다. T1강조영상은 짧은 TR과 짧은 TE를 이용한 스핀에코 기법으로서 조직의 T1이완시간의 차이를 신호 차이로 반영하는 기법이다. 짧은 TR을 사용하면 조직 간에 종축 자기화의 회복 정도가 크게 차이나게 되며 이를 신호에 반영하는 것이다. T2강조영상은 긴 TR과 긴 TE를 이용한 스핀에코 기법으로서 조직의 T2이완시간의 차이를 신호 차이로 반영하는 기법이다. 긴 TE을 사용하면 조직 간에 횡축 자기화의 붕괴가 크게 차이나게 되며 이를 신호에 반영하는 것이다. FLAIR는 180도 반전펄스를 먼저 가하는 반전회복 (inversion recovery) 기법의 일종으로서 뇌척수액의 신호를 억제하기 위하여 2500 msec 정도의 반전시간을 적용한다.

• 한국자기공명학회논문지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.197-202
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• 2006

[ $^{11}B$ ] nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements were performed on the single crystals of $TbB_4$ to investigate local electronic structure and 4f spin dynamics. $^{11}B$ NMR spectrum, Knight shift, spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation rates were measured down to 4K at 8T. $^{11}B$ NMR shift and linewidth are huge and strongly temperature dependent due to the 4f moments. In addition, both are proportional to magnetic susceptibility, indicating that the hyperfine field at the boron site originates from the 4f spins of Tb. Below $T_N$, the single broad resonance peak of $^{11}B$ NMR splits into several peaks reflecting the local magnetic fields due to antiferromagnetic spin arrangements. The longitudinal and the transverse relaxation rates, $1/T_1\;and\;1/T_2$, independent of temperature above $T_N$, decreases tremendously confirming huge suppression of spin fluctuation below $T_N$.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.53-58
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• 2006

In this study, transverse relaxation time (T2) measurement and the evaluation of the characteristics of the spectral peak related to stomach tissue metabolites were performed using ex vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) at 1.5-T MRI/S instruments. Thirty-two gastric tissues resected from 12 patients during gastric cancer surgery, of which 19 were normal tissue and 13 were cancerous tissue, were used to measure the $T_2$ of the magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) peaks. The volume of interest data results from the MRSI measurements were extracted from the proper muscle (MUS) layer and the composite mucosa/submucosa (MC/SMC) layer and were statistically analyzed. MR spectra were acquired using the chemical shift imaging (CSI) point resolved spectroscopy (CSI-PRESS) technique with the parameters of pulse repetition time (TR) and echo times (TE) TR/(TE1,TE2)=1500 msec/(35 msec, 144 msec), matrix $size=24{\times}24$, NA=1, and voxel $size=2.2{\times}2.2{\times}4mm^3$. In conclusion, the measured $T_2$ of the metabolite peaks, such as choline (3.21ppm) and lipid (1.33ppm), were significantly decreased (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively) in the cancerous stomach tissue.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.163-181
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to analyze the Rhizoma on the blood pressure, heart rate and to define the mechanism of Notopterygii Rhizoma-induced relaxation in rabbit common carotid arterial contracted by agonists. Method : In order to explore the effect of Notopterygii Rhizoma on the blood pressure and heart rate, Notopterygii Rhizoma extract was injected in vein of rabbit ear. In order to investigate the effect of Notopterygii Rhizoma on norepinephrine(NE)-induced contracted rabbit carotid arterial strips, transverse strips with intact or damaged endothelium were used for the experiment using organ bath. To analyze the mechanism of Notopterygii Rhizoma-induced relaxation, Notopterygii Rhizoma extract infused into NE-induced contracted strips induced by agonists after treatment of methylene blue, propranolol, ouabain and it infused into serotonin, potassium chloride-induced contracted strips. Result : The blood pressure was significantly decreased by Notopterygii Rhizoma, but heart rate was insignificantly. In addition, Notopterygii Rhizoma significantly relaxed the norepinephrine, serotonin, potassium-induced contracted strips with intact endothelium or damaged endothelium. The relaxing effect of Notopterygii Rhizoma In NE-induced contracted strips with damaged endothelium by pretreatment of methylene blue, propranolol was not changed, but Ouabain was significantly decreased. Conclusion : These results were shown that Notopterygii Rhizoma affected the NE -induced contracted smooth muscle without the participation of endothelium, and demonstrated that the mechanism of NotoDtervgii Rhizoma-induced relaxation was the obstruction of receptor-operated Ca2+ channel.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.470-474
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• 1980

Achalasia is a neurogenic esophageal disorder, characterized by incomplete relaxation of the gastroesophageal sphincter in response to deglutition and absence of peristalsis from the body of the esophaugs. Because there is no known method by which esophageal peristalsis can be restored, therapy is directed toward the relief of dital esophageal obstruction. During the period of June 1965 to September 1980, 13 cases of achalasia were operated at the Department of Thoracic SUrgery, Seoul Natonal University Hospital. 1. Among 13 cases, 5 were male and 8 were female. 2. Esophagomyotomy was performed in 12 cases, and 1 case was treated with transverse suture of lower esophagus after longitudinal incision. 3. There was no operative mortality, but 2 cases subsequently underwent esophagogastrostomy after esophagomyotomy. 4. One of 13 cases was combined with mongolism.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.71-81
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• 1994

시공단계를 고려한 곡선변단면 프리스트레스트 콘크리트 박스거더교량의 해석을 수행하였다. 곡선변단면 박스요소를 사용하며 시공순서에 따른 구조계의 변화, 크리이프, 건조수축과 릴렉세이션 등의 효과를 고려하였다. 사용되는 단면형상은 양쪽에 캔틸레버를 갖는 직사각형 1실 박스단변이며 부재축은 평면상의 곡선으로 단면제원은 부재축을 따라 변할 수 있다. 각 요소는 3절점으로 구성되며 각 절점은 단면 찌그러짐과 ?을 포함하는 8자유도를 가진다. 본 연구에서 여러가지 경우의 예를 해석, 비교하였으며 실제교량에의 적용 가능성을 입증하였다.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.1627-1632
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• 2003

The effect of (1) phonon dispersion in thermal conductivity model and (2) the differentiation of group velocity and phase velocity for Ge is examined. The results show drastic change of thermal conductivity regardless of using same relaxation time model. Also the contribution of transverse acoustic (TA) phonon and longitudinal acoustic (LA) phonon is changed by considering more rigorous dispersion model. Holland model underestimates the scattering rate for high frequency TA, so misleading conclusion, i.e. TA is dominant heat transfer mode at high temperature. But the actual reduction of thermal conductivity is much larger than the estimation by Holland model and high frequency TA is no more dominant heat transfer mode. Another heat transfer mechanism may exist for high temperature. Two possible explanations are (1) high frequency LA by Umklapp scattering and (2) optical phonon.

• 한국자기공명학회논문지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.67-72
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• 2019

Caveolae are small plasma membrane invaginations that play many roles in signal transduction, endocytosis, mechanoprotection, lipid metabolism. The most important protein in caveolae is the integral membrane protein, caveolin, which is divided into three families such as caveolin 1, caveolin 2, and caveolin 3. Caveolin 1 and 3 are known to incorporate palmitate through linkage to three cysteine residues. Regulation of the protein palmitoylation cycle is important for the cellular processes such as intracellular localization of the target protein, membrane association, conformation, protein-protein interaction, and activity. However, the detailed aspect of individual palmitoylation has not been studied. In the present work, the role of each lipid modification at three cysteines was studied by NMR. Our results suggest that each lipid modification at the natively palmitoylation site has its own roles. For example, lipidations to C106 and C129 are play a role in structural stabilization, however, interestingly, lipid modification to C116 interrupts the structural stabilization.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.529-543
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• 2020

In contrast to ventricular myocytes, the structural and functional importance of atrial transverse tubules (T-tubules) is not fully understood. Therefore, we investigated the ultrastructure of T-tubules of living rat atrial myocytes in comparison with ventricular myocytes. Nanoscale cell surface imaging by scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) was accompanied by confocal imaging of intracellular T-tubule network, and the effect of removal of T-tubules on atrial excitation-contraction coupling (EC-coupling) was observed. By SICM imaging, we classified atrial cell surface into 4 subtypes. About 38% of atrial myocytes had smooth cell surface with no clear T-tubule openings and intracellular T-tubules (smooth-type). In 33% of cells, we found a novel membrane nanostructure running in the direction of cell length and named it 'longitudinal fissures' (LFs-type). Interestingly, T-tubule openings were often found inside the LFs. About 17% of atrial cells resembled ventricular myocytes, but they had smaller T-tubule openings and a lower Z-groove ratio than the ventricle (ventricular-type). The remaining 12% of cells showed a mixed structure of each subtype (mixed-type). The LFs-, ventricular-, and mixed-type had an appreciable amount of reticular form of intracellular T-tubules. Formamide-induced detubulation effectively removed atrial T-tubules, which was confirmed by both confocal images and decreased cell capacitance. However, the LFs remained intact after detubulation. Detubulation reduced action potential duration and L-type Ca²⁺ channel (LTCC) density, and prolonged relaxation time of the myocytes. Taken together, we observed heterogeneity of rat atrial T-tubules and membranous ultrastructure, and the alteration of atrial EC-coupling by disruption of T-tubules.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.27-33
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• 2000

목적: 전자상자성 공명(Electron Paramagnetic Resonance EPR)을 사용하여, 현재 상용되고 있는 세가지 상자성 자기공명 조영제, Gd-DTPA, Gd-DTPA-BMA, Gd-DOTA의 전자스핀 이완시간 $T_{le}$를 결정하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 본 연구에 사용된 상자성 자기공명 조영제는 Gd-DTPA(Magnevist), Gd-DTPA-BMA(OMNISCAN), Gd-DOTA(Dotarem)이다. 이들 자기공명 조영제들은 2:1 부피 비율의 메탄올과 물의 혼합용액에 희석하여 저온의 glassy상태에서 EPR스펙트럼을 얻었으며, 또한 주어진 영 자기장 갈라지기 (zero-field splitting, ZFS)변수를 $3{\times}3$ 텐서량으로 계산하는 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션 프로그램 'GEN'을 사용하여, 이들 조영제들에 대한 각각 다른 ZFS변수를 가지는 시뮬레이션 스펙트럼을 만들었다. 이 결과들과 McLachlan의 평균이완율 이론을 적용하여 전자스핀 이완시간이 결정되었다. 결과: 상자성 자기공명 조영제 Gd-DTPA, Gd-DTPA-BMA, Gd-DOTA의 전자 횡축 스핀이완시간($T_{2e}$)은 각각 0.113ns, 0.147ns, 1.81ns, g-value는 1,9737, 1.9735, 1.9830, 전자스핀 이완시간($T_{le}$)는 18.70ns, 33.40ns, $1.66{\mu}s$로 결정되었다. 결론: 실험 결과로부터 상자성 자기공명 조영제의 ZFS변수가 클수록 짧은 전자스핀 이완시간 $T_{le}$를 가진다는 일반적인 사실을 재 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구에 사용된 3가지 자기 공명 조영제들 중에는 화학적으로 환상구조 배위자를 갖는 Gd-DOTA가 가장 긴 전자스핀 이완시간 $T_{le}$를 가지는 것으로 나타나서 일반적으로 환상구조 배위자를 갖는 조영제들이 선상구조 배위자를 갖는 조영제에 비해 전자적인 성질은 우수한 것으로 나타났고 결론적으로 상자성 조명제가 물분자의 자기이완시간에 미치는 영향을 평가하고 고효율 상자성 자기 공명 조영제 개발에는 정확한 ZFS변수 결정이 매우 중요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.