• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.21-40
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• 2018

In this paper, we propose the distributed robust beamforming design scheme in cognitive two-way amplify-and-forward (AF) relay networks with imperfect channel state information (CSI). Assuming the CSI errors follow a complex Gaussian distribution, the objective of this paper is to design the robust beamformer which minimizes the total transmit power of the collaborative relays. This design will guarantee the outage probability of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) beyond a target level at each secondary user (SU), and satisfies the outage probability of interference generated on the primary user (PU) above the predetermined maximum tolerable interference power. Due to the multiple CSI uncertainties in the two-way transmission, the probabilistic constrained optimization problem is intractable and difficult to obtain a closed-form solution. To deal with this, we reformulate the problem to the standard form through a series of matrix transformations. We then accomplish the problem by using the probabilistic approach based on two sorts of Bernstein-type inequalities and the worst-case approach based on S-Procedure. The simulation results indicate that the robust beamforming designs based on the probabilistic method and the worst-case method are both robust to the CSI errors. Meanwhile, the probabilistic method can provide higher feasibility rate and consumes less power.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.1098-1112
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• 2018

Achievable sum rate and energy efficiency (EE) are investigated for the massive multiple-input multiple-output (Massive MIMO) downlink with channel aging in the time varying Ricean fading channel. Specifically, the expression of the achievable sum rate of the system for the maximum ratio transmission (MRT) precoder with aged channel state information (CSI) in the time varying Ricean fading channel is first presented. Based on the expression, the effect of both channel aging and the Ricean factor on the power scaling law are studied. It is found that the transmit power of base station (BS) is scaled down by $1/{\sqrt{M}}$(where M is the number of the BS antennas) when the Ricean factor K is equal to zero (i.e., time varying Rayleigh fading channel), indicating that aged CSI does not affect the power scaling law. However, the transmit power of the BS is scaled down by 1/M for the time varying Ricean fading channel (where $K{\neq}0$) indicating that the Ricean factor affects the power scaling law and sum rate, and channel aging only leads to a reduction of the sum rate. Second, the EE of the system is analyzed based on the general power consumption model. Both the theoretical analysis and the simulations show that the channel aging could degrade the sum rate and the EE of the system, and it does not affect the power scaling law.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.637-642
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• 2005

The focus of this study was to examine the phosphorus removal characteristic by zirconium mesoporous structured material synthesized on various conditions. The zirconium sulfate-surfactant mesoporous structured material(ZS) was synthesized by hydro-thermal synthesis. The material has regular hexagonal array of surfactant micelles and sulfate ion ($HSO_4{^-}$). We confirmed that sulfate ion in zirconium mesoporous structured material can be ion-exchanged with phosphate ion ($H_2PO_4{^-}$) in phosphoric acid solution. On the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of ZS, three peaks which shows the important characteristics of hexagonal crystal lattice were observed at (100), (110) and (200). The transmission electron micrograph (TEM) show high crystallization with pore size about $47{\AA}$. The maximum adsorption capacity of ZS was as great as 3.2 mmol-P/g-ZS. From the adsorption isotherm, correlation coefficients were higher for the Langmuir isotherm than the Freundlich isotherm. With the respect of chain length of surfactant, the adsorption capacity for phosphate synthesized with C12 was higher than C16 and C18. The highest amount of adsorbed phosphate on ZS was observed at the surfactant-to-zirconium molar ratio of 0.5 to 1.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.335-343
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• 2001

The conventional wavelet-based fractal image coding has the disadvantage that the encoding takes a long time, since each range block finds the best domain in the image. In this Paper, we propose wavelet-based fractal image coding using SAS(Self Affine System) method and multi-scale factor. It consists of the range and domain blocks in DWT(discrete wavelet transform) region. Using SAS method, the proposed method is that the searching process of the domain block is not required, and the range block selects the domain which is relatively located the same position in the upper level. The proposed method can perform a fast encoding by reducing the computational complexity in the encoding process. In order to improve the disadvantage of SAS method which is reduced image qualify, the proposed method is improved image qualify using the different scale factors for each level. As a result, there is not influence on an image quality, the proposed method is enhanced the encoding time and compression ratio, and it is able to the progressive transmission.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.46 no.12
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• pp.82-88
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• 2009

An adaptive cooperation system is considered with the cooperation decision strategy based on the differences between instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) S-D and R-D channels. Specifically, if the quality of the direct link (S-D) is better than that of the link from the relay to the destination (R-D), the source will transmit to destination directly with all scheme's transmitted power. Otherwise, the source broadcasts the signal with a lower power in the first time slot. Then, in the second time slot, if the relay decodes its received signal correctly, it re-transmits the re-encoded signal to the destination else the source will transmit again with the remaining power. Firstly, the spectral efficiency is derived by calculating the probabilities of direct transmission and cooperation mode. Subsequently, the BER performance for the adaptive cooperation schemes is analyzed by considering the BER routine of each mode. Finally, the Monte-Carlo simulation results are presented to confirm the performance enhancement offered by the proposed schemes.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2012

In this paper, we propose a novel equal-gain differential precoding scheme utilizing temporal correlation of channels. The conventional differential precoding schemes only quantize a part of channel space not the whole channel space, so that it virtually increases codebook size which enhances the system capacity. But the conventional differential schemes increase peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) without preserving equal-gain transmission. This paper proposes the design method of equal-gain differential precoding scheme and analyzes the performances of the proposed equal-gain precoding scheme. Monte-Carlo simulations verify that the proposed scheme has an advantage of 1dB to obtain the same system capacity with the same amount of feedback information compared with the conventional LTE schemes, with showing very low PAPR property.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.49 no.10
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• pp.83-88
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• 2012

The pitch searching is a very important process in a vocoder. Generally, the method of pitch searching method is used by highlighting the periodicity, where a correlation is identified with the signal by changing the interval of two pulses. When the correlation value is highest, the pitch can be found by the pulse interval because it is the repetition interval with most striking period. There are many methods to solve this problem and search the pitch by dividing a frame into many subframes, but there is too much calculation to solve. A method in this paper is suggested to vary the number of subframes by predicting the amplitude change rate in a frame. If this method is applied, the general pitch searching performance will be improved because the accuracy may be enhanced without affecting the sound quality in the synthesized signal after parameter transmission; and the pitch searching time may be reduced.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1145-1150
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• 2012

In this paper, an improved Schiffman phase shifter is proposed using slot-coupled lines. It consists of the typical coupled lines and a simple rectangular slot which is placed in the ground plane underneath the coupled lines. Phase responses of the slot-coupled Schiffman phase shifter are analyzed in consideration of the phase velocity of two independent transmission modes and the characteristic impedance of slot-coupled line. The $905^{\circ}$ Schiffman phase shifters with high impedance ratio is realized at 2.4 GHz, which cannot be implemented with the conventional coupled lines. The measured results show that the bandwidth is around 74.2 % within the phase errors ${\pm}5^{\circ}$. The measured return loss is found to be better than 15.0 dB and insertion loss is less than 1.5 dB over the operating frequency band.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.721-727
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• 2014

In this paper, an broadband Schiffman phase shifter is proposed using vertically installed coupled lines. It consists of the typical coupled lines and a extra coupled lines which is installed vertically on the original coupled lines plane. Phase responses of Schiffman phase shifter with vetically installed coupled lines are analyzed in consideration of the phase velocity of two independent transmission modes and the characteristic impedances. The $90^{\circ}$ Schiffman phase shifters with high impedance ratio is realized at 2.4 GHz, which cannot be implemented with the conventional coupled lines. The measured results show that the bandwidth is 1.5~3.2 GHz(70.8 %) within the phase errors ${\pm}5^{\circ}$. The measured return loss is found to be better than 12.4 dB and insertion loss is less than 1.2 dB over the operating frequency band.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.308-315
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• 2018

In this paper, we present the basic design results for high-resolution radar development at S-band frequency that can precisely measure the miss distance between two targets. The basic system requirement is proposed for the design of a 3.5 GHz linear frequency-modulated (LFM) radar with maximum detection distance and distance resolution of 2 km and 1 m, respectively, and the specifications of each module are determined using the radar equation. Our calculations revealed a signal-to-noise ratio ${\geq}30dB$ with a bandwidth of 150 MHz, transmission power of 43 dBm for the power amplifier, gain of 26 dBi for the antenna, noise figure of 8 dB, and radar cross-section of $1m^2$ at a target distance of 2 km from the radar. Based on the calculation results and the theory and method of LFM radar design, the hardware was designed using software defined radar technology. The results of the subsequent field test are presented that prove that the designed radar system satisfies the requirements.