• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.486-492
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• 2004

In this paper, we newly propose the binary CA-CDMA(constant amplitude CDMA) system using pre-coding method to solve the high PAPR problem caused by multi-user signal transmission in the CDMA system. 4-user CA-CDMA, the basis of proposed binary CA-CDMA system, makes binary output signal for 4 input users. It produces the output of binary(${\pm}$2) amplitude by using a parity signal resulting from the XOR operation of 4 users data. Another sub-channel or more bandwidth is not necessary because it is transmitted together with user data and can be easily recovered in the receiver. The extension of the number of users can be possible by the simple repetition of the basic binary 4-user CA-CDMA. For example, binary 16-user CA-CDMA is made easily by allocating the four 4-user CA-CDMA systems in parallel and leading the four outputs to the fifth 4-user CA-CDMA system as input, because the output signal of each 4-user CA-CDMA is also binary. By the same extension procedure, binary 64 and 256-user CA-CDMA systems can be made with the constant amplitude. As a result, the code rate of this proposed CA-CDMA system is just 1 and binary CA-CDMA does not change the transmission rate with the constant output signal(PAPR = 0 ㏈). Therefore, the power efficiency of the HPA can be maximized without the nonlinear distortion. From the simulation results, it is verified that the conventional CDMA system has multi-level output signal, but the proposed binary CA-CDMA system always produces binary output. And it is also found that the BER of conventional CDMA system is increased by nonlinear HPA, but the BER of proposed binary CA-CDMA system is not changed.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.572-588
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• 2013

In this paper, 4K-UHDTV or 8K-UHDTV and UHD-3DTV that the next generation broadcasting implementation and the possibility of direct receiving environment construction is analyzed on the terrestrial broadcasting. Particularly, we investigated the possibility by analyzing the previous and related works with regard to UHDTV transmission by DVB-T2 that is one of the best commercialized transmission mode. In order that the UHDTV broadcasting succeeds once again after completion of digital terrestrial switch over at the end of 2012, the ultra high resolution image transfer is important. However, the direct, the indoor and ubiquitous receiving environment is important in not only TV but also the personal type multimedia terminal in the sense of UHDTV service penetration. Therefore, in this paper, by using SFN and high error-correcting mode in DVB-T2 standard, the efficient frequency utilization and effective reception environment construction is illustrated. Particularly, SFN network constitution by 2 mutually different frequencies including the VHF bandwidth and UHF band, and etc. is shown. And the method that builds the free wireless receive environment by using SFN low power radio repeater and for home use gap filler is proposed. And the effect and frequency amount required are presented, when UHDTV broadcasting use 10MHz bandwidth.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.43 no.3 s.345
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• pp.59-67
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• 2006

OFDM (Orthogonal frequency Division Multiplexing) systems convert serial data stream to N parallel data streams and modulate them to N orthogonal subcarriers. Thus spectrum utilization efficiency of the OFDM systems are high and high-speed data transmission is possible. However, with the OFDM systems using the same modulation method at all subcarriers, the error probability is dominated by the subcarriers which experience deep fades. Therefore, in order to enhance the performance of the system adaptive modulation is required, with which the modulation methods of the subcarriers are determined according to the estimated SNRs. The IEEE 802.11a system selects various transmission speed between 6 and 54 Mbps according to the modulation mode. There are three typical methods for SNR estimation: Direct estimation method uses the frequency domain symbols to estimate SNR directly by minimizing MSE (Mean Square Error), EVM method utilizes the distance between the demodulated constellation points and received complex values, and the method utilizing the Viterbi algorithm uses the cumulative minimum distance in decoding process to estimate the SNR indirectly. Through comparison analyses of three methods we propose a new SNR estimation method, which employs both the EVM method and the Viterbi algorithm. Finally, we perform extensive computer simulations to confirm the performance improvement of the proposed adaptive OFDM systems on the basis of IEEE 802.11a.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.43 no.4 s.346
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• pp.8-15
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• 2006

In this paper, the 94 GHz, low conversion loss, and high isolation single balanced mixer is designed and fabricated using GaAs-based metamorphic high electron mobility transistors (MHEMTs) with 70 nm gate length and the hybrid ring coupler with the micromachined transmission lines, dielectric-supported air-gapped microstrip lines (DAMLs). The 70 nm MHEMT devices exhibit DC characteristics with a drain current density of 607 mA/mm an extrinsic transconductance of 1015 mS/mm. The current gain cutoff frequency ($f_T$) and maximum oscillation frequency ($f_{max}$) are 320 GHz and 430 GHz, respectively. The fabricated hybrid ring coupler shows wideband characteristics of the coupling loss of $3.57{\pm}0.22dB$ and the transmission loss of $3.80{\pm}0.08dB$ in the measured frequency range of 85 GHz to 105 GHz. This mixer shows that the conversion loss and isolation characteristics are $2.5dB{\sim}>2.8dB$ and under -30 dB, respectively, in the range of $93.65GHz{\sim}94.25GHz$. At the center frequency of 94 GHz, this mixer shows the minimum conversion loss of 2.5 dB at a LO power of 6 dBm To our knowledge, these results are the best performances demonstrated from 94 GHz single balanced mixer utilizing GaAs-based HEMTs in terms of conversion loss as well as isolation characteristics.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.788-801
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• 1998

Meteor Burst Communication can provide effective and economical means of communication where long distance VHF NLOS data transmission is needed ; often ranges more than 1000 km. It has been, however, so far considered unsuitable for short distance application because of phenomenal decrease in burst durations, which leads to decreation of total duty rate of the system. This paper extensively analyzes characteristics of shot distance MB(Meteor Burst) path and shows the low duty rate may be improved by increasing burst rate through adapting antennal beam width to cover entire hot-spot region in the space and, by compensating effective burst length throughcutting down man-made noises introduced by antennal. Based on the analysis, we are developed a small-opening-cavity antennal, especially designed for short distance MB path. In operation, the antenna is to be buried under ground surface so as to improve directivity and reduces noise introduction. The antennal exhibits power gain of 3 dB with 90 degree beam width and thus enables to illuminate entire hot-spot regions with the elevation angle of 8-90 degree which is the case of transmission less than 100 km. Directivity horizontal to earth surface is suppressed to minimum which enables to cut man-made noises from near-by sources down to more than 3 dB from the level reported with conventional 4 element Yagi. A series of experiments performed on 100km MB paths have conformed that, with the antenna installed at receiving site, the burst rate and duration time have been noticed to increase by 10 and 20 percent respectively from the values obtained by conventional 4-element Yagi antennal under same testing condition.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.239-271
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• 1995

본 연구는 현재 미국에서 거래되고 있는 세 가지 주가지수선물 상호간의 일중(intradaily) 가격선도(price leadership) 관계에 관한 실증분석이다. 본 연구가 기존의 연구와 다른점은, 기존의 연구가 주가지수선물과 그 기준이 되는 현물 가격사이의 가격 선도 관계에 초점을 두고 있는데 반하여 본 연구는 주가지수선물 시장 사이에서 존재하는 가격 선도관계를 분석하고 있다는 점이다. 실증 분석의 대상이 된 주가지수선물들은 Chicago Mercantile Exchange의 Standard and Poor's 500 Index(S&P 500), New York Futures Exchange의 New York Stock Exchange Composit Index (NYSE), 그리고 Chicago Board of Trade의 Major Market Index(MMI)이다. 만약 이들 시장들이 정보의 전달에 있어서 효율적(informationally efficient) 이라면 이들 가격간에 선도-지연(lead-lag) 현상은 존재하지 않을 것이다. 그러나 어느 한 시장이 새로운 정보를 선물가격에 반영하는데 다른 시장에 비해 상대적으로 느리다면, 이들 시장 상호간에는 가격의 전이(transmission)현상이 존재하게 될 것이다. 이들 선물간의 일중 가격선도 관계 연구는 이러한 시장의 효율성 문제를 밝히는데 의의가 있을 뿐만 아니라, 시장간의 단기적 가격 괴리를 이용하려는 차익거래자들에게도 유용하게 쓰일 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구는 위에서 언급한 각각의 주가지수선물들이 가격 선도성을 가질 수 있는 이유와 관련된 다음과 같은 세 가지 가설을 설정하였다. 첫째 가설은, 가격의 선도성은 거래량과 관련이 있다는 것이다. 즉, 이들 주가지수선물 중 가장 거래량이 많은 S&P 500 선물이 다른 선물을 선도할 것이라는 가설이다. 둘째, 가격의 선도성은 주가지수를 구성하는 주식의 수에 비례한다는 가설이다. 다시 말하면, 보다 않은 수로 구성된 주가지수일수록 정보처리 속도가 빠르다는 가설이다. 따라서, 본 연구에 포함된 주가지수선물 중 가장 많은 수의 주식을 대상으로 하는 NYSE 선물이 다른 선물을 선도할 것이다. 마지막 가설은 정보의 처리는 대형주 혹은 기관선호주(institutionally-favored)들이 주도한다는 것이다. 따라서, 주로 이와 같은 주식들로 구성 된 MMI 선물이 선도성을 가질 수 있다는 것이다. 위의 가설들을 검증하고 시장간의 가격 선도관계를 분석하기 위하여 본 연구는 vector autoregressive(VAR) 모형을 이용하여 충격-반응 함수(impulse response functions)를 계산하고, 분산분해(variance decomposition)를 수행하였다. 또한 가격 상호간에 존재할지도 모르는 공적분(cointegration)관계를 Johansen(1991)과 Jokansen and Juselius (1992) 등이 제시한 다변량 공적분 검정(multivariate cointegration test)를 통하여 분석하였다. 분석기간은 1986년 1월부터 1990년 7월까지이며, 각 주가지수선물들의 5분 간격 data를 사용하였다. 연구결과, 충격-반응 분석은 어느 한 시장에서의 충격(shock)은 다른 시장으로 매우 빠르게 전달되고 있음을 보여 주었다. 그러나 충격의 지속정도는 그 충격의 진원지에 따라 달랐다. 즉, NYSE나 MMI 선물로부터 발생 한 충격은 다른 시장의 가격에 5분 안에 반영을 끝냈지 만 S&P 500 선물에서 발생한shock은 그 이상 지속되었다. 또한, 분산분해 결과 S&P 500 선물이 자기자신 뿐만 아니라 다른 시장의 예상하지 못했던 움직임(unexpected movements)을 설명하는데 가장 큰 설명력(explanatory power)을 가지고 있었다. 결론적으로 S&P 500 선물이 다른 선물을 약 5분 간격으로 선도하였다. 이는 가격의 선도가 거래량과 밀접한 관계가 있음을 보여 주는 것이다.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.43 no.6 s.348
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• pp.53-61
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• 2006

In high speed flash type or pipelining type A/D Converter, the faster sampling frequency is, the more the effect of DC reference fluctuation is increased by clock feed-through and kick-back. When we measure A/D Converter, further, external noise increases reference voltage fluctuation. Thus reference fluctuation reduction circuit must be needed in high speed A/D converter. Conventional circuit simply uses capacitor but layout area is large and it's not efficient. In this paper, a reference fluctuation reduction circuit using transmission gate is proposed. In order to verify the proposed technique, we designed and manufactured 6bit 2GSPS CMOS A/D converter. The A/D converter is based on 0.18um 1-poly 5-metal N-well CMOS technology, and it consumes 145mW at 1.8V power supply. It occupies chip area of $977um\times1040um$. Experimental result shows that SNDR is 36.25 dB and INL/DNL ${\pm}0.5LSB$ when sampling frequency is 2GHz.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.787-790
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• 2015

Recently, M2M (Machine to Machine) communication is possible the development of MTC (Machine Type Communication) devices becomes active. MCT devices in the form of home appliances have a low power consumption, low cost, short-range wireless communication in wireless home network. For purpose, MTC devices based on IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee are composed in the form of cluster-tree topology, which consists of one PAN (Personal Area Network), one or other router and end of nodes. It happens that transmission delay, packet drop, and lacking data resulted from collision originated by a competition for allocating channels among MTC devices that greatly increased. At last performance of entire network can be degradated. This paper proposes that the beacon frame-based grouping algorithm using multiple channels in a MTC devices in the presence of wireless home network interference. The proposed algorithm decreases the transmission delay, dropped packet and throughput is more increase, so the proposal algorithm is more efficient than the IEEE 802.15.4/ Zigbee standard.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.2511-2517
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• 2009

Recently, a FMCW radar is used for the various purposes in the short range detection and tracking of targets. The main advantages of a FMCWradar are the comparative simplicity of implementation and the low peak power transmission characterizing the very low probability of signal interception. Since it uses the frequency modulated continuous wave for transmission and demodulation, the received beat frequency represents the range and Doppler information of targets. Detection and extraction of useful information from targets are performed in this beat frequency domain. Therefore, the resolution and accuracy in the estimation of a beat spectrum are very important. However, using the conventional FFT estimation method, the high resolution spectrum estimation with a low sidelobe level is not possible if the acquisition time is very short in receiving target echoes. This kind of problems deteriorates the detection performance of adjacent targets having the large magnitude differences in return echoes and also degrades the reliability of the extracted information. Therefore, in this paper, the model parameter estimation methods such as autoregressive and eigenvector spectrum estimation are applied to mitigate these problems. Also, simulation results are compared and analyzed for further improvement.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.39A no.5
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• pp.271-279
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• 2014

In this paper, the two design techniques of the embedded system which provides a wireless image observation with temporary ad-hoc network are proposed and developed. The first method is based on the embedded system design technique for a nearly real-time wireless short observation application, having a specific remote monitoring node with a built-in image processing function, and having the maximum rate of 1 fps (frame per second) wireless image transmission capability of a $160{\times}128$size image. The second technique uses the embedded system for a general wireless long observation application, consisting of the main node, the remote monitoring node, and the system controller with built-in image processing function, and the capability of the wireless image transmission rate of 1/3 fps. The proposed system uses the wireless ad-hoc network which is widely accepted as a short range, low power, and bidirectional digital communication, the hardware are consisted of the general developed modules, a small digital camera, and a PC, and the embedded software based upon the Zigbee stack and the user interface software are developed and tested on the implemented module. The wireless environment analysis and the performance results are presented.