• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2003

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) with strain LBA 4404 containing a rice thaumatin-like protein gene is described. The selectable markers used were phosphinothricin acetyltransferase and hygromycin phosphotransferase genes. Epicotyl explants from seedlings were precultured for 5-7 days on Murashige and Skoog medium with ${\alpha}$-naphthaleneacetic acid and 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid at 10 ${\mu}$M and 9 ${\mu}$M, respectively (ND medium), prior to Agrobacterium infection. The explants were immersed in a bacterial suspension for 20 min. A post-infection co-culture period of 3-4 days was provided on ND medium. Selection for transformed calli was conducted on ND medium with 20 mg/L phosphinothricin followed by 100 mg/L hygromycin over an 8-month period. it transformation frequency of 24.8% was achieved at the callusing phase. The presence of the transgenes in calli was confirmed by Southern hybridization and polymerase chain reaction analysis. The expression of the thaumatin-like protein gene in ginseng calli was demonstrated by Western blot analysis. Somatic embryos were produced from both transgenic calli and suspension cultures, and plantlets were recovered that expressed the transgenic thaumatin-like protein gene.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.781-786
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• 2009

Small interfering synthetic double-stranded RNA (siRNA) was applied to suppress the expression of the human cytotoxic-T-Iymphocyte antigen 4-immunoglobulin (hCTLA4Ig) gene transformed in transgenic rice cell cultures. The sequence of the 21-nucleotide siRNA was deliberately designed and synthesized with overhangs to inactivate the expression of hCTLA4Ig. The chemically synthesized siRNA duplex was combined with polyethyleneimine (PEl) at a mass ratio of 1:10 (0.33 ${\mu}g$ siRNA:3.3 ${\mu}g$ PEl) to produce complexes. The siRNA complexes (siRNA+PEI) were labeled with Cy3 in order to subsequently confirm the delivery by fluorescent microscopy. In addition, the cells were treated with sonoporation at 40 kHz and 419W for 90 s to improve the delivery. The siRNA complexes alone inhibited the expression of hCTLA4Ig to 45% compared with control. The siRNA complexes delivered with sonoporation downregulated the production of hCTLA4Ig to 73%. Therefore, we concluded that the delivery of siRNA complexes into plant cells could be enhanced successfully by sonoporation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.153-162
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• 2005

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cells were transformed with rice expansin genes, OsEXPA4, OsEXPB3, OsEXPB4, and OsEXPB6, to elucidate the function of the genes in tobacco cells. The transformation increased the mass of the callus by $36\%-65 \%$, and the cell length by $12\%-28\%$. The cell width was decreased by $3\%$ for OsEXPB3, not changed for OsEXPB4, increased by $25\%\;and\;20\%$ for OsEXPA4 and OsEXPB6, respectively. From database search, seven expansin genes were found and six of them belong to EXPA group and one of them belongs to EXPB group. EXLA and EXLB were not found. All tobacco expansin genes were evenly distributed in the phylogenetic tree of rice and Arabidopsis expansin genes.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.211-214
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• 2008

Haploid system by anther culture allows the development of homozygous lines when doubled. The response of anther culture to Basta (glufosinate) resistance was investigated on transgenic plants (cv. Anjungbyeo) in order to identify inheritance of bar gene associated with Basta. Most of the regenerated transgenic plants were sterile, and only a few plants produced viable seeds ($A_1$) in the greenhouse. The bar gene was analysis by PCR in basta resistant transgenic plant ($TA_0$). The transgenic seeds ($A_1$) were significantly germinated in Basta solution compared with non-transformed seeds. As a result of anther culture, in regenerated haploid plants, segregation ratio was 1:1 in five of eight cross combinations. In diploid plants, segregation ratio was 1:1 in seven of eight cross combinations. Although there was some differences in the cross combinations, most of the combinations had 1:1 segregation ratio which supports the theory. The difference may be a result of the small sample size or the difference of anther culture response caused by genotypic difference. Hence, when many cross combinations were anther-cultured the results would support the theory.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.215-223
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• 1992

A metabolic study has been conducted to investigate the conversion of pentachlorophenol(PCP) to water soluble metabolites in soybean and rice cell suspension cultures as well as in intact rice plants. PCP in plant cells was found to be exclusively transformed into water soluble metabolites. The relative rate of the metabolic conversion of PCP in decreasing order was soybean cultures > rice cultures > rice plants. Also observed was that, the older the cultures grown, the lower the conversion rate was. Primary water soluble metabolites isolated from both the 5 day old soybean and 8 day old rice cells were specifically hydrolyzed only by ${\beta}$-glucosidic linkage specific glucosidase, suggesting that the metabolites are ${\beta}$-glucose conjugates. The amount of glucose conjugates was increased with increasing time of incubation of PCP up to 24 hr in both soybean and rice cultures; Thereafter, it was decreased progressively. Most of the glucose conjugates were further metabolized to more polar conjugates in cells, but a portion of them was excreted into the culture medium.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.388-394
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• 2008

This study was carried out to develop new cultivars using the $T_5$ generation of transformed rice by PCR analysis with DNA marker in each generation $(from\;T_3\;to\;T_5)$. In the previous study, we successfully developed the transgenic rice plants over-expressing the Arabidopsis $H^+/Ca^{2+}$ antiporter CAX 1 (accession no. U57411) gene. The calcium concentration in brown rice of transgenic plants was higher than that of donor plants, Iipum, and was selected 3 lines out of 25 lines at cultured GMO field. The major agronomic traits such as culm length, panicle length and panicle number of 3 lines at transgenic plants $(T_5)$ were similar to wild type. Also these lines appeared to have disease resistance to rice blast, cold resistance as compared with donor types. The grain shape was similar to donor plant, however, the 1000 grain weight of brown rice was different from transgenic plants. These finding would be used for basic data of new variety registration.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.486-494
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• 2021

A rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar of the SPP (stakeholder participatory program) and ordinary rice were characterized based on water-absorption properties and cooked rice texture. During rice soaking, the rice grain transformed from transparent to opaque (white), indicating that water molecules diffused into the rice grain during soaking. In addition, cracks in the internal structure of soaked rice gradually increased with an increase in soaking time. Water absorption increased rapidly up to 20 min, but no increment was observed after 30 min of soaking. At this point, the entire areas of the soaked rice grain turned white, indicating that water absorption had reached saturation. SPP rice showed lower hardness and higher stickiness in its cooked form than ordinary rice, suggesting that SPP rice could be a more preferable choice than ordinary rice. Furthermore, cooked SPP rice was more edible in terms of hardness and stickiness after being kept warm for 12 h than ordinary rice. These results indicated that cooked SPP rice exhibited slow retrogradation and improved taste.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.81.2-82
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• 2003

Plants have evolved along with pathogens, and they have developed sophisticated defense systems against specific microorganisms to survive. G-protons are considered one of the upstream signaling components working as a key for the defense signal transduction pathway. For activation and inactivation of G-protein, GTP-biding proteins are involved. GTP -binding proteins are found in all organisms. Small GTP-binding proteins, having masses of 21 to 30kD, belong to a superfamily, often named the Ras supefamily because the founding members are encoded by human Ras genes initially discovered as cellular homologs of the viral ras oncogene. Members of this supefamily share several common structural features, including several guanine nucleotide binding domains and an effector binding domain. However, exhibiting a remarkable diversity in both structure and function. They are important molecular switches that cycle between the GDP-bound inactive form into the GTP-bound active form through GDP/GTP replacement. In addition, most GTP-binding proteins cycle between membrane-bound and cytosolic forms. such as the RAC family are cytosolic signal transduction proteins that often are involved in processing of extracellular stimuli. Plant RAC proteins are implicated in regulation of plant cell architecture secondary wall formation, meristem signaling, and defense against pathogens. But their molecular mechanisms and functions are not well known. We isolated a RacB homolog from rice to study its role of defense against pathogens. We introduced the constitutively active and the dominant negative forms of the GTP-hinging protein OsRacB into the wild type rice. The dominant negative foms are using two forms (full-sequence and specific RNA interference with RacB). Employing southern, and protein analysis, we examine to different things between the wild type and the transformed plant. And analyzing biolistic bombardment of onion epidermal cell with GFP-RacB fusion protein revealed association with the nucle.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.235-243
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• 2014

Purpose: The aim of this study was to prepare and evaluate a natural material extracted from germinated brown rice (GBR). Herein, we evaluated whether the natural material could positively activate the biological effects seen during bone formation, including enhancement of metabolic activity, osteogenesis, and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), one of the growth factors in human osteoblast-like cells. Methods: The natural material was created by a hot water extraction process after being soaked for 2~3 days in tap water and dried at $50^{\circ}C$. The material was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The biological behaviors of the material were also investigated; we performed tests to assess cell cytotoxicity, metabolic activity, osteogenic markers related to bone formation, and VEGF. Results: The EDX, XRD, and FTIR results for the natural material indicated the presence of organic compounds. The natural material caused positive increases in cell metabolic activity and mineralized bone formation without cytotoxicity. The protein levels in the extract for the $6.25{\mu}g/mL$, $12.25{\mu}g/mL$, $25{\mu}g/mL$, $50{\mu}g/mL$, and $100{\mu}g/mL$ groups were significantly different from that for the control. Conclusions: The GBR-based natural material was easy to prepare and had characteristics of a potential biomaterial. The biocompatibility of this natural material was evaluated using in vitro techniques; our findings indicate that this novel material is promising for agricultural and biological applications.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.461-467
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• 2009

This paper provides two case studies of environmental impacts with socio-economic values. The first case is on flood protection levees conducted from 2003 to 2004 in Phu Tan district, An Giang province. The impacts were found by comparing full flood protection levees area (FFPL) to non-full flood protection levees area (NFFPL). Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools per each group of rich, middle, and poor people were used to list the impacts. Then, major impacts were selected by ranking and interviewing 60 households per site, and assessed by Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) in rice production from 1996 to 2002 between two areas. The tested research indicated moving system of NFFPL to that of FFPL lost about 11 million VND/ha/year. The second case is on impacts of Penaeid shrimp farming conducted in Duyen Hai District, Tra Vinh Province in 2004-2005. Ninety households and 12 local officials were interviewed. Four PRAs were conducted and 36 water samples were taken inside and outside shrimp pond to measure values of DO, COD, Fe total, TSS, N-$NO_3{^-}$, N-$NH_4{^+}$, P-$PO{_4}^{3-}$, and Chlorophyll-a. Research results showed only 36.7% of the households got profit from shrimp farming. Highest financial efficiency was 0.72 for the semi-intensive system. Tested water indicators showed surface water quality did not match Vietnamese standard for surface water in coastal area (TCVN 5943-1995) and in rain. The water was very muddy and contaminated by organic aluminum. Summarily, the impacts were clarified more obviously via adding socio-economic values to assessment. Importantly, the values were transformed to household's income which is an indicator for policy-makers to consider the impacts obviously. Besides, data of different group of people impacted are cases contributing to consideration of the impacts in an appropriate social level.