• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-26
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to develop the Korean Wisdom Scale and examine the validity of the scale. The Korean Wisdom Scale was developed and identified its validity by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis. The Korean Wisdom Scale consists of five factors, which are 'Outlook and Insight', 'Adjustment of Emotion', 'Perspective Taking', 'Integration of Experience', 'Concern and Comprehension'. Those five factors indicated the reasonable fit index by confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, this scale identified a significant positive relation with psychological well-being such as satisfaction and meaning of life, satisfaction of relationship. On the other hand, it indicated a negative relation with psychological symptoms such as neurosis and clinging. Also, the scale was differentiated from Adult Self-transcendence Inventory. Therefore, the results indicated that this scale has a reliable criterion-related validity. Finally, implication and limitation of this study were discussed in relation with future studies.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.227-239
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to show that yoga psychology aims to actualize the positive potentials in the depth of human mind with the perspective of body-emotion-mind-spirit integration. This approach is described in the context of modern positive psychology. For this purpose, the Self-realization of yoga psychology is discussed, which is to develop one's higher self as a center of psyche apart from one's psychological growth or maturation. An individual can experience positive emotions such as pleasure, joy, happiness and ecstasy through the typical yoga technique of concentration. Happiness is one of the main issues of positive psychology, but yoga psychology called it "ānanda" and divided it further into seven types. The positive emotions of positive psychology seem to be equivalent to positive states of mind in yoga psychology. But yoga regards calmness, tranquility, nonattachment and transcendence as the most valuable virtues for the full actualization of human potentials. From the perspective of yoga psychology, the tranquil state of mind is the wonderful fruit of long and arduous yoga practices. It is the calm and neutral state of mind which is free from all the turmoils of everyday life. Tranquility is beyond the scope of modern positive psychology's issues, but it offers some precious insights to them.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.149-159
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• 2023

The Spiritual Care Guide in HospiceㆍPalliative Care is evidence-based and focuses on the universal and integral aspects of human spirituality-such as meaning and purpose, interconnectedness, and transcendence-which go beyond any specific religion. This guide was crafted to improve the spiritual well-being of adult patients aged 19 and older, as well as their families, who are receiving end-of-life care. The provision of spiritual care in hospice and palliative settings aims to assist patients and their families in finding life's meaning and purpose, restoring love and relationships, and helping them come to terms with death while maintaining hope. It is recommended that spiritual needs and the interventions provided are periodically reassessed and evaluated, with the findings recorded. Additionally, hospice and palliative care teams are encouraged to pursue ongoing education and training in spiritual care. Although challenges exist in universally applying this guide across all hospice and palliative care organizations in Korea-due to varying resources and the specific environments of medical institutions-it is significant that the Korean Society for Hospice and Palliative Care has introduced a spiritual care guide poised to enhance the spiritual well-being and quality of care for hospice and palliative care patients.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.126
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• pp.423-461
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• 2013

The researcher conducted this study to investigate what special meaning does an emotion experience program, a Confucianism philosophical thinking, has for Sunwoo(善友), and based on what structure it unveils a good clue of Sunwoo(善友); and to reveal the structure of philosophical counselling treatment simultaneously. Thus, the researcher performed an "emotion experience program for 3 weeks, targeting 22 research subjects and collected the data of their experience. As for date analysis, a phenomenological analytic method of Colaizzi (1978), one of qualitative research methods was used. It was because the phenomenological analytic method of Colaizzi was suggested to derive common properties of whole research subjects rather than those of individual research subject, which could help develop the theories of philosophical counselling treatment. The finding of the analysis revealed the intrinsic structure of the phenomenon which the research subjects experienced through "an emotion experience program" was reborn as 'unfamiliarity and suspicion', 'burden', 'recognition of a method and a need', 'self-reflection', 'awareness of nature and the correct behavior', 'joy and pleasure', and 'rebirth as a valuable existence'. These were categorized to examine the structure of philosophical counselling treatment. The findings revealed the treatment went through the precesses: 'the start of learning and intentional guidance', 'reflection', 'enlightenment', 'Sugichiin(修己治人)', 'freedom', and 'transcendence. Considering the purpose of Confucian philosophy is living valuable life and the accomplishment of objectives is based on the transcendence, realizing preallotment and putting it into practice, the structure of emotion experience by the research subjects is appropriate for the purpose of Confucian philosophy and the process of objective accomplishment.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.74
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• pp.159-188
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• 2023

This study examines the process of Chou Sun-Ae's spiritual formation in the light of Carl Jung's conception of individuation. Spirituality is defined in different ways by different scholars, but most consider self-transcendence as a necessary element. This self-transcendence can occur in the relationship with self, with others, and with the transcendent. In the relationship with the self, it appears as self-objectification; with others, it is as moving toward others; and in the relationship with the transcendent, it moves toward the transcendent. Spirituality is closely related to individual identity, in that it surrounds and integrates life. Spiritual formation is thus closely related to Jung's concept of individuation, as this involves the separation of persona and ego, and shadow recognition which are closely related to the level of self-objectification. In addition, the withdrawal of shadow projection that occurs in individuation is closely related to moving toward others, in that it recognizes the shadow instead of blaming others, allowing one to look at others without prejudice. The fact that Jesus Christ is the symbol of the Self, the driving force of the individuation process, tells us that spirituality leading to a relationship with the transcendent God and Jung's theory are closely related to each other. Thus, if we examine the process of spiritual formation through the Jung's individuation process, we can better understand the psychodynamic dimension of spirituality. This article investigates the process of Chou Sun-Ae's spiritual formation through Jung's individuation process. Throughout her 98 years, Chou Sun-Ae experienced national pain and hardships, as well as personal adversity and difficulties; but through all of these hardships, conflicts, and difficult moments, she accomplished individualization. Therefore, by examining the spiritual formation through individuation in Chou Sun-Ae, I consider the direction of Christian spiritual education. In this study, three main characteristics of Chou Sun-Ae's spiritual formation can be identified. First, through a life of repentance, the identification between persona and ego can be weakened. Second, the ego develops, and individualization is achieved, through a new calling. Third, in shadow integration, the spiritual development comes to recognize Jesus Christ on the cross and achieve the process of sanctification. Investigating the direction of Christian spiritual education through Chou Sun-Ae's spiritual formation indicates that Christian spiritual education should harmonize vertical and horizontal relations and should develop an experience of the transcendent God in everyday life. By this means, the believer can achieve Self-realization and be a true Christian who practices love for God and love for neighbors.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.21
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• pp.99-156
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• 2013

This paper is to indicate research tendencies of faith in Daesoonjinrihoe and controversial points of those, and to consider the outlook on Sangje after defining it as theological understanding and explanation for Gu-Cheon-Sang-Je (High-est ruling Entity that is the object of devotion in Daesoon-jinrihoe). As the first introduction to the work, various descriptions for Sangje are arranged and the meanings of those are analyzed. In brief, first, the name of Gu-Cheon-Eung-Won-Nweh-Seong-Bo-Hwa-Cheon-Jon, expresses the fact that the authority of Sangje (the Supreme Entity) is exposed by spatial concept Sangje dwells in Ninth Heaven. This fact can be compared with the doctrines Allah in Islam and Jehovah in Christianity each are dwelled in Seventh Heaven. And the name shows Sangje is the ruler who reigns over the universe by using yin and yang. Second, the name, Gu-Cheon-Eung-Won-Nweh-Seong-BoHwa-Cheon-Jon, is imported from China Taoism because it has been in Ok-Chu-Gyeong (the Gaoshang shenlei yushu). But in fact it's root is in Korea because Buyeo and Goguryeo, the ancient Korean nations, have the source of the name. While the name is not the Supreme Entity in China Taoism, it is the Supreme Entity in Daesoonjinrihoe. This fact is a important difference. Third, arbitrarily or not, the name, Gu-Cheon-Eung-Won-Nweh-Seong-Bo-Hwa-Cheon-Jon, is put on the image of 'resolution of grievances'. The reason is that many peoples in Korea and China has called the name for about 1,000 years ago to help their fortunes and escape predicaments. Forth, not only Gu-Cheon-Eung-Won-Nweh-Seong-Bo-Hwa-Cheon-Jon but also the name, Three Pure Ones and Ok-Cheon-Jin-Wang (Yuqingzhenwang) in China Taoism used as the Highest ruling Entity in Daesoonjinrihoe. But the relations between three Pure Ones and Ok-Cheon-Jin-Wang and Gu-Cheon-Eung-Won-Nweh-Seong-Bo-Hwa-Cheon-Jon in Dae-soonjinrihoe are different from that in China Taoism. Fifth, Sangje is associated with the Polaris divinity of Tae-Eul, view on God in Oriental Cosmology. The description Tae-Eul as well as Gu-Cheon-Eung-Won-Nweh-Seong-Bo-Hwa-Cheon-Jon is indicated Sangje is linked to the faith of Buyeo and Goguryeo. Sixth, Sangje is not only Mugeuk-Sin (The God of The Endless) who supervise the Endless but also Taegeuk-Ji-Cheon-Jon (The God of The Ultimate Reality) who supervise the Ultimate Reality. These descriptions directly display the fact Sangje is a creator. Seventh, in case explaining Sangje, the point of view is necessary that grasps the whole viewpoints Sangje 'was' Hidden God(deus otiosus) and 'is' Unhidden God after Incarnation. Eighth, Sangje is Cheon-Ju in Donghak, but different from that. Cheon-Ju in Donghak has both transcendence and immanence in tightrope tension, but Cheon-Ju in Daesoonjinrihoe emphasize transcendence than immanence. That difference is the result of the fact Cheon-Ju in Donghak was a being having revealed a man and Cheon-Ju in Daesoonjinrihoe was a being having incarnated after revealing a man. Ninth, Sangje is Gae-Byeok-Jang who is the manager of the transforming and ordering the Three Realms of the World by the Great Do which is the mutual beneficence of all life and Hae-Won-Sin who is the God of resolution of grievances.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.191-198
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• 2013

Objectives : The objective of this study is to find out the differences in psychopathology, temperament, and character factors between young adults with and without childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. Methods : The subjects consisted of 314 university students (male=72, female=242) in Gongju. They were divided into childhood ADHD group (N=54) and normal group (N=260) to the Wender-Utah Rating Scale. Participants were assessed using Korean Adult ADHD Scale, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Kimberly Young's Internet Addiction Test, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Paranoia Scale, Korean-Schizotypal Ambivalence Scale, Lubben Social Network Scale, and Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised. Descriptive statistics, t-test, chi-square, spearman correlation, and stepwise multiple regression were applied to analyze the data. Results : Participants with childhood ADHD symptoms had high level of adult ADHD symptoms (p<.001), impulsiveness (p=.001), depression (p<.001), anxiety (p<.001), internet addiction (p<.001), paranoia tendency (p<.001) and low level of selfesteem (p<.001) compared to normal group. Self-directedness (p<.001) was lower, Harm avoidance (p=.001) and Self-transcendence (p=.029) were higher in the childhood ADHD group. In correlation and stepwise multiple regression, childhood ADHD symptoms were significantly associated with cooperativeness (r=-0.515 and ${\beta}$=-0.547, p<.001 respectively). Conclusion : This result showed that young adults with childhood ADHD symptoms had various forms of psychopathology and childhood ADHD symptoms were influenced by character such as cooperativeness. Therefore, more thorough evaluation regarding childhood ADHD symptoms is needed.

• Trans-
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• v.5
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• pp.49-64
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• 2018

Marshall Mcluhan, a media scholar, created the word Gutenberg Gaaxy meaning the new environment formulated by printing technic and he insisted that it changed human life entirely. In the history of human, the media evolved into printing technic through oral and transcription. This evolution of media and the environment created by the media are the most important point of Mcluhan's theory. He sees the world as the result of media evolution. In mcluhan's sight, Gutenberg Galaxy is the first environment composed by the media. Based on the mcluhan's theory, this study focused on the environment created by the media and applied it into the western music history. The link of the Gutenberg Galaxy and the western music, especially in romantic era, will be the main subject of the study. The Book is the most representative media of the printing technic. In the era of oral and transcription, the communication was limited by the spatial restriction. However, the book was free to spatial condition and this character of the book made the knowledge free. The knowledges delivered by the oral and transcription were mostly the matter of mundane world because they are so close to the human life, even though they are narrating about the God's world. The book, free to expanding the knowledge beyond the world, made the knowledge transcendent and expanded the sight of the humans into the transcendent world. The modern western world is the product of the expanded knowledge by the book and so does the music. In the time of printing technic, the music begun to gain the population by the printed sheet music. As delivering the music through the printed sheet, the music received transcendence and mystery as meeting the spirit of the times. This link formed by the time of Gutenberg Galaxy will be the main focus of the study and it will prove the link between the media and the western music.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.168-176
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• 2017

This is a descriptive study to determine the influence of character strength of nursing students on perceived stress. Data were collected from 174 nursing students in the A- area and analyzed using SPSS WIN 21.0 program. The character strength of nursing studentswas $3.46{\pm}.34$(on a 5-point scale) and perceived stress was $2.84{\pm}.42$(on a 5-point scale). Among the subdomains of character strengths, humanity was the highest,with a score of $3.65{\pm}.49$. The perceived stress of nursing students showed a negative correlation with character strength(r=-.50, p<.001) and was negatively correlated with all subdomains of character strength. In addition, the factor that most affected the perceived stress of nursing students-among general characteristics-was very difficult family experience (${\beta}=.146$, p=.026), and the factors with the greatest effect among the subdomains of character strengths were courage(${\beta}=-.250$, p=.006) and transcendence(${\beta}=-.275$, p=.013). These three factors were found to explain 39.5% of variance in perceived stress. Therefore, these results demonstrate the need to explore interventions that enable nursing school faculty and counseling staff to help confirm character strengths and reduce stress in students with hard time getting adjusted to nursing school.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.69 no.1
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• pp.79-101
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to identify the multicultural competence of university students majoring in social welfare studies and to verify the influence of human rights attitude and spiritual intelligence that affect multicultural competence using structural equation model. Spiritual intelligence was set as an independent variable and multicultural competence was set as a dependent variable. Human rights attitude was established as a mediating variable. Study subjects were 259 university students majoring in social welfare studies at 5 universities in the Daegu, Gyoungbuk area. Spiritual intelligence and human rights attitude appeared to have a significant effect on multicultural competence, indicating that a higher level of spiritual intelligence and human rights attitude were correlated with a higher level of human rights attitude. Also in the pathway of spiritual intelligence on multicultural competence, human rights attitude had a significant mediating effect. When the university student majoring in social welfare studies had a high level of spiritual intelligence including transcendence and meaning and purpose of life, their perspective on human rights which is important in the practice of social welfare affected the multicultural competence required to assist immigrants of various identities. Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended for the university students majoring in social welfare to have the "three-multi-sensitivities" including sensitivity of multicultural competence, sensitivity of spiritual intelligence, and sensitivity of human right attitude.