• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.71-88
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to look into how married working men with a child younger than six years old spent their weekend time either alone or with their wives on housework, family care, and leisure activities, and to find out whether different types of time use brought about different levels of satisfaction to their use of time on weekends. Factors associated with each type were also explored. We analyzed 857 weekend time diaries of married men with a preschooler and men who worked more than 40 hours a week. This data came from the 2009 Time Use Survey conducted by Statistics Korea. Descriptive statistics and cluster analysis results showed that weekend time distribution to those three activities was classified into four different types, namely, 'nonparticipation', 'personal leisure centered', 'couple leisure centered', and 'family centered'. Time use satisfaction for 'couple leisure centered' and 'family centered' types which involved wife and child was significantly higher than the other two types. Age and traditional gender role attitude were associated with the personal leisure and couple leisure centered types, while work related factors such as work hours, regular day off, employment status, and occupation functioned as determinants of the nonparticipation type. Findings from this study suggest that weekend time spent together with family could be the source of satisfaction, but almost half of the respondents were deprived of their weekend family time due to work schedules on weekends. This study supports the need for organizational and policy efforts to ensure non-working weekends for fathers and husbands.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.194-207
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• 2022

Amid growing social interest in child abuse, and announced the seriousness of child abuse crimes and aroused public interest in related issues. Based on true stories and characters, both films created unique narratives about child abuse cases, but drew on the traditional representation and discursive construction of child abuse news articles. By setting the stepmother as the perpetrator and the father as the neglecter, the gender role of women as primary caregiver was reconfirmed and the stereotypical image of the 'evil stepmother' in popular narratives was exploited. The cinematic reenactment of the evil stepmother not only highlighted the normative family discourse, but also reinforced the maternal myth by emphasizing the binary opposition between the evil stepmother and the lost birth mother.

• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.129-147
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• 2016

Objective: This study examined the role of siblings with respect to living arrangements between married children and their parents. Previous studies have rarely considered the possibility that family context such as siblings may be associated with intergenerational residential proximity. Method: Using data from first wave of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (2006), I investigated if, among married children, their sibling characteristics may be associated with the probability of their coresiding with the parent(s), living nearby (within a 30-minute distance from parent(s) by public transportation), or living further away. Specifically, the total numbers of sisters and brothers, the numbers of siblings coresiding with the parent(s) and living nearby, their relative position in the sibling network (first-born son, later-born son, first-born daughter, later-born daughter), and sibship existence and gender configurations (only child, son with brother(s) only, son with sister(s) only, son with both brother(s) and sister(s), daughter with brother(s) only, daughter with sister(s) only, daughter with both brother(s) and sister(s)) were evaluated in the study. For data analysis, multinomial logit models with robust standard errors were estimated using the Stata mlogit procedure. Results: Results suggest that the probability of a married child living together with the parent(s), relative to living close by, was significantly higher the more sisters he or she has. Being a son, especially first-born son, was associated with a higher probability of intergenerational coresidence compared to near residence, respectively. Also, the numbers of siblings coresiding with the parent(s) and living in close proximity were linked to a higher risk of intergenerational coresidence and near residence. Supplementary analyses revealed that the last finding was held over and above the total number of siblings, their relative position in the sibling network, as well as sibling existence and gender configurations. Conclusion: Overall, the study findings indicate that sibling characteristics have significant impacts on intergenerational living arrangement. The influence of traditional patrilineal norm of intergenerational coresidence and a trend towards modified extended family have emerged when siblings characteristics are taken into consideration as determinants of intergenerational living arrangement.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.111-125
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• 2012

The total fertility rate of our nation has been in the world's lowest level with constant falling since it reached an all-time low in 1983. The increase in economic participation of women, difficulties to balance work and family life, and traditional gender role and family norms in our society have been blamed for causing low birth rates. In addition, the current economic recession and increased polarization of wealth make it more difficult for working families to balance work and family life, resulting in lowering fertility rates. The Korean government has recently prepared the second five-year basic plan(2011-2015) to deal with low fertility and population ageing. The basic plan aims at providing support for working families in balancing work and family life and helping people ease the burden of marriage, childbirth, and raising their children. The work-family balance policies based on gender equality will do much to increase fertility rates in the future. In this context, this study examined current status and problems of balancing work and family life in our society, the Korean government and corporate policies for work-family balance, and the effects of policies on childbirth. Suggestions for future directions are presented.

• (The)Korea Educational Review
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.175-240
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to understand how the perception and attitude in children's education have changed over the 20th century in South Korea by searching the newspaper articles. The modernization in 20th century brought radical changes in every aspect of Korean society including education. As an educational attitude and policies from the government changed, so did the tones reflected in the newspaper articles. To sum up, there were four (4) principal changes found from this study as follows;Firstly, parental involvement and role as an educator became more important in Korean society and huge generation gap arose in attitudes towards children's education and custody. Secondly, the traditional gender-based roles of mothers' with image of love and fathers' with strength disappeared and mothers' responsibility of children's education were more emphasized during 20th century. Meanwhile, today's society is calling for an immediate return of fathers' involvement and commitment to children's education in the household. Thirdly, as the overflow of information and knowledge in 20th society caused an excessive interest in children's education, there were rising demands for establishing proper views and ideas on children's education. Lastly, the responsibilities of children's education which had been laid on household was expanded to public and government, which can be seen from the fact that an educational support from the government was extended to the children of overseas Korean as well as those residing in Korea.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.106-124
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• 1996

This paper reviews battering, sexual violence and divorce experienced among women. There three problems have negative influence on health status in women and are further developed to social problems such as family dissolution. The victims of the problems may manifest physical injury, emotional difficulties and social withdrawl, while their children may show problems caused by lack of parental caring and by resembling abusive behaviors of their parents. Hence, nurses need to pay attention to batting, sexual violence, and divorce and to develop relevant nursing interventions for them. Some strategies of dealing with those problems are presented in the following. First, we have to eliminate sexism prevailing in out society. Our society is assigning inequal and asymmetrical gender role. Mass media should inspire equality between genders and show a healthy model of family and community. Second, social system and laws should be changed through collective efforts. Those living conditions of women cannot be changed by the effort of women themselves only. We all need to work for establishing and changing the law, so that those women in suffering can obtain immediate and adequate protection. Third, social support system of consulting and referring women's problems should be established. Such support system as hot line, shelter and counseling clinics would help women in crisis. Fourth, job training and arrangement should be available to women who are divorced. Fifth, there should be self-help group for those women in suffering. Self-help group would help those women in sharing their problems and feelings and in establishing coping strategies. Nurses, as the largest group among health professionals, are sensitive and respond to health needs of clients and have an effect on managing women's health. However, we nurses have not been ready for dealing with problems of women, although most of us are women. we not need to change our perspective of women's health problems from a traditional medical perspective to feministic one. Accordingly, nurses need to develop realistic way of caring those women in suffering and to assist them in making decisions for their lives by themselves.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.63-83
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• 2011

This study aims to prove the changes, development and social background of Korean male cosmetics over the period of 2000-2010. There were total 574 articles written about male make-up and cosmetics in Chosun Daily, Joongang Daily and Donga Daily, which are the top three Korean local daily newspapers in terms of sales revenue for that period. These articles were analyzed together with social background research from various books and daily newspapers. The analysis of articles was divided into different categories; such as foundation cosmetics, color cosmetics, hair, and the social background. It was found that the articles related to foundation cosmetics were written the most, the articles related to male appearance management were second, articles on other items including how to manage the skin being the least. As for the social background of Korean male cosmetics, first of all, a change in social recognition can be pointed out. The traditional understanding of gender roles has changed, men's appearance management has started to be regarded as a competitive talent, and at the same time, the esthetic viewpoint for men also has changed. One example is the newly made popular term, "flower-handsome man", which shows the new trend of favoring males with nice skin. Second, the expansion of mass culture can be pointed out. As consumers can get information and fashion trends easier and faster, the fashion spreads fast, and this has led to the generalization and popularization of the sense of beauty. Third, the development of scientific technology and medical science can be pointed out. Thanks to the progress in those areas. the extension of youthfulness has become possible and the cosmetics industry was also affected greatly, as shown in the market spread of functional products for anti-ageing and wrinkle control as the interest in anti-ageing has grown. There are benefits from the development of scientific technology, but the problem of environmental pollution has appeared due to machinery and industrialization and thus the issue of well-being has been raised. Rising interest in naturalism, pro-environmentalism and organic cosmetics has influenced the cosmetics industry. In addition, the quantity of ultraviolet rays exposed to our skin has increased due to the air pollution caused by the destruction of environment, leading to increased usage of sun block lotion. Lastly, the influence of consumer society and the expansion of consumerism culture can be pointed out. In the modern society, consumption acts not only as the use of products and services but it also has an important role of mediating individuals with others and the society. The market for male cosmetics has been expanding and the number of men putting on make-up has been increasing rapidly. Therefore, this study is meaningful in that the analysis of the mode of change and the social background are an essential process in order to provide a direction for the future market for male cosmetics.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.44
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• pp.57-84
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• 2016

The image of woman shown in an animation was pretty extraordinary as Disney has kept the conservative tendency so far. The two princesses in were described as independent women getting out of the traditional gender role and dependence on men. For this reason, there is a tendency that interprets as a feminist work. Even though the character showing the image of independent woman could be an essential index to define feminist work, it is not enough to define the tendency of works. Thus, this study reviewed if it would be valid to interpret as a feminist work. First, the 'sisterhood' which is the main theme of contained the feminist concept as 'women's solidarity' on top of friendship between sisters. Therefore, when analyzed focusing on the core concept of women's solidarity like difference, empathy, and solidarity, reflected 'differences' in narration, character, and image, etc. When differences in sisters which became the cause for misunderstanding and conflict were acknowledge based on their true love, the process of forming empathy and solidarity was described. The solidarity between Elsa and Anna not only became the power to defeat the enemy, but also reflected the feminist value of forming the community of coexistence like Adelen which was rebuilt after getting back the spring. Thus, it was verified that is a feminist work.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.36
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• pp.324-347
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• 2006

`Youthism` is pushing the youth research field into a trap of binarism fallacy. It tends to divide the whole population into the young and the old, and further gives an acceleration toward moving the division into the discursive realm of generation gap. The discursive transference is not taking place without any reasonable grounds. The series of discourse is based on two significant phenomena: changes in media background and longer schooling than ever before. Media environment overriding youth culture binds the young in a group and makes them enjoy homogeneous cultural genres. And schooling also seems to play an important role for the youth to have same cultural menus regardless of region, social strata, cultural background. But we need to recognize that after getting into the adulthood, they are not existing in the form of alliance. The youth are not in a homogeneous group. Neither are their culture. The youth are consisted of a variety of groups along such variables as gender, class of their parents. They tend to make distinction not only from the older generation but from the other peer groups. Unless avoiding the trap of youthism, we are blamed for closing eyes to the youth's desire to be distinctive among themselves. Youthism seems to be an active myth even in our academic society.

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.58-72
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to describe the perceived burden of the terminally III patients's caregiver and to analyze relationship between the perceived burden and the various demographics, illness characteristics, family relationships, and economic factor of the family & patients. The sample of 132 caregivers who care for the terminally III patients Kyung-Gi province, Seoul, Korea. The period of this study was from August to September, 2002. The perceived burden of the family caregiver was measured by the burden scale(20 items, 4 point scale) developed by Montgomery et al. (1985). The Data was analyzed using SAS-program by t-test and ANOVA. The results were as follows; 1. The mean of the family caregiver's burden score was 3.02. The score showed that caregivers perceive severe the level of burden. The hight items of the family caregiver's burden were' I feel it is painful to watch patient's diseases'(3.77). 'I feel afraid for what the future holds for my patients'(3.66), 'I feel it reduced to amount of privacy time'(3.64). 2. The caregiver's burden was significantly related to patient's gender(F=3.17, p= 0.0020), patient's job(F=2.49, p=0.0476), caregiver's age(F=4.29, p=0.0030), and caregiver's job(F=2.49, p=0.0476). 3. The caregiver's burden according to illness characteristics showed no significant difference. 4. The caregiver's burden was significantly associated with patient's family relationship (F=4.05, p=0.0041), patient's care mean period in a day(F=47.18,