• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2009

Most of the cholesterol is synthesized by liver in the body while about one of third is taken via dietary. The main functions of cholesterol is to protect membranes in cell surface, avoid the arterial bleeding by hypertension, and prolong the life of erythrocytes, and so on. However, overload of cholesterol leads to arteriosclerosis associated with leading death cause. Lack of physical activity, emotional and environmental stress, and low intake of protein or vitamin E induce the unbalance between HDL- and LDL-cholesterol so become a basis of ischemic disorders in heart, brain and elsewhere in the body. So far, four major classes of medications for hyperlipidemia are HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), bile acid sequestrants, nicotinic acid, and fibric acids. The statins can lower LDL and levels triglyceride, but may induce myopathy and an elevation of liver enzyme levels. The bile acid sequestrants lower LDL levels and raise HDL levels with no effect on triglyceride levels but side effects of gastrointestinal (GI) distress, constipation, and a decrease in the absorption of other drugs. Nicotinic acid and fibric acids lower LDL and triglyceride levels with showing flushing, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, GI distress, and hepatotoxicity dyspepsia, gallstones, myopathy, and unexplained noncardiac death as adverse effects. Above western drugs lower cholesterol by 15 to 30% while all have notable adverse effects. In traditional medicine, hyperlipidemia is regarded as retention of phlegm and fluid disease. Etiology and pathogenesis of hyperlipidemia is basically based on Spleen-Deficiency and Phlegm-Stagnation, accumulation and stasis of -heat, and Qi & blood stagnation induced by Phlegm-damp, water-dampness, and blood stasis. Thereby, strengthening Spleen and dissolving Phlegm, clearing away heat and diuresis, and supplementing Qi and activating blood circulation are commonly used therapeutic methods for hyperlipidemia. The traditional herbal medicine, have been used for patients with CVA, hypertension or hyperlipidemia in Oriental hospital or Oriental clinic. The lock and key theory is used to develop most of western medicine, however many diseases are caused by mixed factors in body-complex system. We expect that Oriental pharmacological theory could be newborn as a novel drug showing high advantage of blood levels of lipidsand QOL of performance without side effects.

• Journal of Korean Traditional Oncology
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.37-45
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• 2010

Bojungbangdocktang (BJBDT), a formula of eight Oriental herbs, is a modified herbal prescription of Bangdoktang and Bojungbangamtang. Recently, BJBDT was demonstrated to inhibit angiogenesis induced by vascular endothelial growth factor in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, enhance hematopoiesis and protect cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in normal MCF-10A breast cells. Nevertheless, there is no safety study of BJBDT before clinical trial so far. Thus, in the current study, we investigated the toxicity about ethanol-extracted BJBDT. Male and female Spraque Dawley (SD) rats were given orally by BJBDT at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg for 4 weeks. Mortality, clinical signs and measured change of body weight, food consumption and water consumption were observed. In addition, we performed ophthalmologic, urinary, hematological, blood serum biochemical and histopathological examination. Any general toxicity was not found in BJBDT treated group. Also, there were no significant differences in the parameters such as body weight, food consumption and water consumption, a lot of urine and blood factor levels except HCT, MCHC, Ca, TG, Glucose and T-Bilirubin level compared with control group. Although HCT was elevated and TG was decreased in male rats, and MCHC, Glucose and T-Bilirubin were elevated and Ca and HCT were decreased in female rats, these were within normal ranges. Finally, we determined that maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was 1000 mg/kg and no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was 500 mg/kg. Taken together, these results demonstrated that BJBDT is very safe to SD rats.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.156-168
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• 2001

Objectives : To evaluate the diverse actions of stimulation on the hematopoietic system, 4 formulas (KH I, KH 2, KH 3, KH 4) were studied. Method and Result : RT-PCR was performed to measure the gene expression of hematopoietic cytokines (TPO, GM-CSF, SCF, IL-3). When bone marrow cells were treated with KH 1, 2, 3, 4, the gene expressions of TPO, SCF, IL-3, and GM-CSF were increased. Flow cytometric analysis was performed to measure the expression of CD34+ cell activity. After 72 hrs culture supplemented with KH 1, 2, 3, 4, the percent of CD34+ cell of KH 2, 3, 4 were increased. To measure the expression of colony forming units - granulocyte erythrocytes, macrophages, megakaryocytes (CFU-GEMM) and burst forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E), semisolid clonogenic assay was performed. After 14 days of culture the number of CFU-GEMM and BFU-E of KH I, 2, 3, 4 were significantly increased compared to those of EPO groups (KH 1 P<0.0l, KH 2 P<0.05, KH 3 P<0.001, KH 4 P<0.0l). To determine the intracelluar TPO expression by KH 3, KH 4 in bone marrow cells, intracelluar staining and flow cytometric analysis were performed. After 24 hrs cultures, the TPO expression of the KH 3 and KH 4 treated groups were increased over those of the controlled groups (control : 50%, KH 3 : 87%, KH 4 : 78%). Conclusion : These results suggest that KH I, KH 2, KH 3, KH 4 have hematopoietic effects through increasing the production of hematopoietic cytokines and stimulating the activity of $CD34^{+}$ cells. This study also shows that KH 3 has a more effective hematopoietic effect than KH 1, 2, 4. These results suggest that the formulas (KH I, 2, 3, 4) can be applied to the patients with inappropriate hematopoietic system, and that KH 3 can be the most effective formula among these 4 in treating bone marrow disease in clinics.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.57-68
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• 2010

Objectives: Standard is a unified criterion for some repeated things or concepts in a certain scope. It is fundamental to implement standardization in English translation of traditional Korean medicine (TKM) formulae to promote progress in the evaluation of TKM and also to serve in enhancing the efficiency in studies of medical formulae. Methods: We undertook literature research on current Korean and Chinese medicinal formulae in English translation, analyzing 485 Korean formulae and 464 Chinese. We also undertook a comparative study of 102 common English translation of both Korean and Chinese, proposing a constant and effective methods for English translation of medical formulae. Results: To have a precise English translation we classified medical formulae nomenclature in advance. We found that formulae naming can be fundamentally classified into 6 forms which are (a) Materia Medica + Preparation Form, (b) Materia Medica + Indication + Preparation Form, (c) Materia Medica Numbers + Preparation Form, (d) Indication + Preparation Form, (e) Concept + Preparation Form, and (f) Miscellaneous. Based on these findings we could determine that these 6 types ((a)-(f)) can all be translated into English by (1) Materia Medica + Preparation Form and (2) Indication + Preparation Form + of (with) + Materia Medica schemes. In regard to translation of Indication it can follow Noun+~ing participle form. Conclusion: This research provides a common method of TKM medicinal formulae English translation for better understanding, education, training, practice and research in TKM. Consequently, English translation using these methods can serve as the initial study for standardization of TKM medicinal formulae.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.76-83
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• 2018

A traditional herbal formula, Gyeji-tang has been used to treat the early colds, headache, chills, and fever in Asian countries. In this study, we were performed simultaneous determination of the 14 bioactive marker compounds, gallic acid, spinosin, paeoniflorin, albiflorin, liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, 6'''-feruloylspinosin, liquilitigenin, coumarin, cinnmamic acid, benzoylpaeoniflorin, cinnamaldehyde, glycyrrhizin, and 6-gingerol in Gyeji-tang using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Analytical column was used a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH $C_{18}$ analytical column ($2.1{\times}100mm$, $1.7{\mu}m$) and maintained at $45^{\circ}C$ with a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The mobile phase consists of 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water and acetonitrile with gradient elution. The MS analysis was conducted using multiple reaction monitoring in the positive and negative modes by a Waters ACQUITY TQD LC-MS/MS system. The calibration curves of 14 bioactive marker compounds showed linearity with correlation coefficients ${\geq}0.9798$. The limits of detection and quantification values were in the range of 0.11-6.66 ng/mL and 0.34-19.99 ng/mL, respectively. As a result of the analysis using the established LC-MS/MS method, the amounts of tested 14 compounds in the lyophilized Gyeji-tang sample were detected up to $85.7{\mu}g/g$. These results may be useful for quality assessment of a traditional herbal formulas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2014

This paper suggests techniques to enhance coding time which is a problem in traditional fractal compression and to improve fidelity of reconstructed images by determining fractal coefficient through adaptive selection of block approximation formula. First, to reduce coding time, we construct a linear list of domain blocks of which characteristics is given by their luminance and variance and then we control block searching time according to the first permissible threshold value. Next, when employing three-level block partition, if a range block of minimum partition level cannot find a domain block which has a satisfying approximation error, we choose new approximation coefficients using a non-linear approximation of luminance term. This boosts the fidelity. Our experiment employing the above methods shows enhancement in the coding time more than two times over traditional coding methods and shows improvement in PSNR value by about 1-3dB at the same compression rate.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.203-206
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• 2018

Objectives: There is an increasing number of complex diseases that are progressively more difficult to be controlled using the conventional "single compound, single target" approach as demonstrated in our current modern drug development. TCM might be the new cornerstone of treatment alternative when the current treatment option is no longer as effective or that we have exhausted it as an option. Orthogonal stimulus-response compatibility group study is one of the most frequently employed formulas to produce optimal herbal combination for treatment of multi-syndromic diseases. This approach could solve the relatively low efficacy single drug therapy usage and chronic adverse effects caused by long terms administration of drugs that has been reported in the field of pharmacology and medicine Methods: The present review was based on the Science Direct database search for those related to the TCM and the development of antihypertensive TCM herbal combination using orthogonal stimulus-response compatibility group studies approach. Results: Recent studies have demonstrated that the orthogonal stimulus-response compatibility group study approach was most frequently used to formulate TCM herbal combination based on the TCM principles upon the selection of herbs, and the resulting formulated TCM formula exhibited desired outcomes in treating one of global concerned complex multi-syndromic diseases, the hypertension. These promising therapeutic effects were claimed to have been attributed by the holistic signaling mechanism pathways employed by the crude combination of herbs. Conclusion: The present review could serve as a guide and prove the feasibility of TCM principles to be used for future pharmacological drug research development.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.112-129
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• 2020

Objectives : The aim of this study is to explore the types of pattern identification (PI, 辨證) and the differential points of PI used for the treatment of psoriasis in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) based on the Chinese references and to provide the evidences applying PI for the treatment of psoriasis in clinical practice. Methods : This study extracted patterns of psoriasis through database CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) and analysis the patterns and classification criteria of the patterns. Those examined in the study are dermal symptoms, general symptoms, formula and herbs which are different depending on the patterns. Results : Total 60 studies were selected and 44 pattern types were extracted from them. We categorized the main pattern types on psoriasis used in TCM as 'blood-heat syndrome(BHS, 血熱證)', blood-stasis syndrome(BSS, 血瘀證), and 'blood-dryness syndrome(BDS, 血燥證)', 'dampness-heat syndrome(DHS, 濕熱證)' and 'yang-deficiency syndrome(YDS, 陽虛證)'. Among these patterns, BHS was the most common. In TCM, the pattern of BHS tended to have skin symptoms and signs related to inflammatory erythema and heat. Both BSS and BDS were characterized by long disease duration and poor healing. In addition, DHS tended to have the skin symptoms and signs such as oozing and severe itching. The symptoms and signs related to coldness mainly showed in YDS. For PI criteria, 'qi-blood-essence criteria(氣血津液辨證)' and 'eight-doctrine criteria(八鋼辨證) are commonly used. Conclusions : Our findings show that each PI on psoriasis in TCM has different characteristics related to dermal and general symptoms or signs. Further studies are needed to develop the diagnostic tool of PI on psoriasis reflecting on clinical practices in Korean Medicine by referring to the findings of this study about PI on psoriasis in TCM.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• 제60권2호
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• pp.64-72
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• 2016

Jakyakgamcho-tang is a well-known traditional herbal medicine and has been used for the treatment of mainly pains in oriental medicine. In this study, analytical method for the quantitative determination of the eleven marker components, gallic acid (1), oxypaeoniflorin (2), paeoniflorin (3), albiflorin (4), liquiritin (5), isoliquiritin (6), ononin (7), liquiritigenin (8), benzoylpaeoniflorin (9), paeonol (10), and glycyrrhizin (11) in Jakyakgamcho-tang decoction was performed using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometer. The analytical column for separation of the compounds 1~11 was used an UPLC BEH $C_{18}$ ($100{\times}2.1mm$, $1.7{\mu}m$) column and column oven temperature was maintained at $45^{\circ}C$. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% (v/v) aqueous formic acid (A) and acetonitrile (B) by gradient elution. The flow rate was 0.3 ml/min and injection volume was $2.0{\mu}l$. Correlation coefficient in the calibration curves of the compounds 1~11 were showed a good linearity with more than 0.99. The limit of detection and limit of quantification values of the compounds 1~13 were detected in the ranges 0.06~18.43 ng/ml and 0.18~58.29 ng/ml, respectively. Among the compounds 1~11, the compounds 10 were not detected in this sample, while the ten compounds, 1~9 and 11, were detected $44.05{\sim}19,289.05{\mu}g/g$ in Jakyakgamcho-tang extract.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.220-233
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• 1998

This study was made to objectify the principle of oriental medical prescriptions so that we could obtain the principle and the formulation of them For that purpose, we analysed the formula and rule of 205 prescriptions recorded in Gum-goe-yo-rak, which have a few of components, and are widely used in clinical from ancient times to these days. At first we classified those prescriptions by their effect. Then we re-classified the herbs of the effect groups into four natures (cold, hot, warm and cool) and five kinds of flavors (sour, bitter, sweet, acrid and salty). And we classified the herbs into three grades - superior, medium, and inferior - which were used in Shen Nong's Herbal Classic. By these means, we statistically evaluated the prescriptions recorded in Gum-goe-yo-rak based on the Four Regular Components(Monarch, Minister, Assistant, and Laborer). As a result we could obtain some facts about the prescriptions recorded in Gum-goe-yo-rak, those are what kind of herbal material was used frequently and distribution of the natures flavors and grades according to thier effects. And we are sure that these results can be great help for establishment of fundamental formulation of theory of traditional herbal medicinal polyprescription.