• 디지털산업정보학회논문지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.107-120
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• 2014

In this paper, we suggest a soft keyboard, called easy keypad, that we use only for login information input in smart devices. Especially, as easy keypad is applied to MTS(Mobile Trading System) we suggest easy keypad in MTS. Easy keypad UI in MTS represents 20 letters and users input login information by using 20 letters. We suggest protocol which decides letters represented in easy keypad UI, which is code for users to input login information by using 20 letters. We analyze easy keypad's safe degree for soft keyboard security threat, especially when it comes to point hacking, we suggest comparison among original soft keyboard's safe degree. Also we suggest mathematical fomula for measuring soft keyboard's convenience and then we analyze the result of soft keyboard's convenience by the presented mathematical formula.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2005년도 추계학술대회 논문집 전력기술부문
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• pp.186-188
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• 2005

This paper presents a method of finding the optimal capacity of renewable energy in power system to prepare Kyoto-protocol. In order to determine the capacity of renewable energy, this paper finds a amount of CO2 emission and capacity of power reduction for each energy type. The proposed method performs economic dispatch including the existing facilities, renewable energy and Emission trading, and finds optimal capacity of renewable energy Power satisfying minimum total cost. Finally, the proposed idea is demonstrated with a case study.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.316-326
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• 2008

The Earth's temperature has risen $0.76^{\circ}C$ (degree) during last 100 years which Implies a sudden rise, compare with the 4oC (degrees) rise through out the past 20,000 years. If the volume of GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emission continues at the current level, the average temperature of the Earth will rise by $1^{\circ}C$ (degree) by 2030 with the further implication that the temperature of Earth will rise by $2{\sim}5^{\circ}C$ (degrees) every 100 years. Therefore, as we are aware that the temperature of the glacial epoch was $8{\sim}9^{\circ}C$ (degrees) lower than the present time, we can easily predict that the above temperature rises can be potentially disastrous for human life. Every country in the world recognizes theseriousness of the current climate change and adopted a convention on climate change in June 1992 in Rio. The COP1 was held in March 1995 in Berlin and the COP3 in Dec. 1997 in Kyotowhere the target (2008-2012) was determined and the advanced nations' reduction target (5.2%, average)was also agreed at this conference. Korea participated in the GHG reduction plan which required the world's nations to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. Ratification of the Kyotoprotocol and the followup requirement to introduce an international emissions trading scheme will require severe reductions in GHGs and considerable economic consequences. USA are still refusing to fully ratify the treaty as the emission reductions could severely damage the economies of these countries. In order to estimate the exact $CO_2$ emission, this study statistically analyzed $CO_2$ emission of each country based on the following variables : level of economic power and scientific development, the industrial system, productivity and energy efficiency.

• 한국전자거래학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.163-181
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• 2010

최근 온난화 현상에 따른 범세계적 위기가 초래됨에 따라 선진국을 중심으로 교토의정서가 체결되었으며, 이를 계기로 온실가스 규제가 본격화되기 시작하였다. 또한 교토의정서의 교토유연성체계라는 시장메커니즘이 도입되어 온실가스 배출에 대한 소유권이 설정되고, 수급에 따라 배출권 가격이 형성되는 등 새로운 무형의 자원을 거래하는 탄소시장이 등장하게 되었다. 학계에서는 탄소배출효과를 측정하는 방법론과 이를 탄소배출권의 경제적 비용으로 전환하고자 하는 연구들이 태동하기 시작하였다. 본 연구에서는 전자정부 정보화사업 중 하나인 G2B 시스템을 통해 전통적인 조달업무 프로세스가 온라인화 됨에 따라 저감되는 탄소 배출저감효과 즉, e-transformation화에 따른 탄소저감효과를 측정하는 ECRE(Evaluation of $CO_2$ Reduction in E-transformation)모델과 절차를 제시하고자 한다. ECRE 모델은 세계 기후협의체(IPCC)의 방법론을 근간으로 하여 크게 '이동 수단에 따른 탄소저감효과', '종이 문서 절감에 따른 탄소저감효과' 2가지의 탄소배출량을 측정하고 이를 탄소배출권의 경제적 비용으로 환산한다. 또한 본 연구에서는 탄소저감효과를 효과적으로 측정하기 위하여 5단계와 10개의 세부절차로 구성된 절차를 제시하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 ECRE 모델과 절차를 이용하여 정부기관은 물론 온실가스 규제를 받게 되는 에너지 환경기업 등에서 정보화사업을 통한 탄소감축 실적의 추정 및 추가적인 정보화사업 추진으로 기대되는 탄소저감효과를 사전에 시뮬레이션해 볼 수 있는 도구로서 활용이 기대된다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제46권
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• pp.265-313
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• 2010

Kyoto Protocol is an international convention on concrete performance program for UNFCCC(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), which regulate and prevent to global warming and officially came into effect on February 16, 2005. Kyoto flexible mechanisms, the agreed environmental system in March 1997 in the Third Conference of Parties in UNFCCC General Assembly, Emission Trading System(ETS), Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) and Joint Implementation(JI), are key policies related to environment. In advanced countries, greenhouse gas emissions should be reduced average 5.2% level compared to 1990 in total emissions during 2008-2012. World leading carbon market finished the trial on the EU ETS I greenhouse gas emissions trading system, EU ETS II is operated regularly after 2008. World Bank leads to make 'Prototype Carbon Fund(PCF)' in April 2004, which is the world first carbon fund and a representative public carbon fund type, World Bank operate various funds including present PCF. Thus, I would like to propose as follows in relation to this study: First, in the validity analysis of carbon funds, it would be needed to analyze the Emission Reduction Cost Efficiency(ERCE) of carbon. The ERCE is a break-even value which brings the Net Present Value(NPV) to zero. NPV approach is used among projects and it enables potential projects to be compared and evaluated the ERCE on the basis of the net present value of net future cash flows. Therefore, according to results of analysis, carbon funds should be developed and invested. Second, it would be necessary to allow of issuing bonds together with carbon funds, carbon finance etc. Third, carbon funds, it would be reasonable to have a relatively enough maturity in project and as a financial derivatives in the international financial markets, it is needed various types of transactions. Fourth, it would be needed to standardize the carbon emissions trading for more efficiently. Fifth, it would be necessary to establish and invest in various kinds of domestic and overseas global carbon funds, including governments, privates, governments and privates sectors. And it is also needed to establish the medium and long term plans for carbon funds. Sixth, it would be needed to foster the advanced trade mechanisms for carbon funds in the most effective ways. Finally, carbon funds should be used in harmony with international societies to reduce global warming as the social responsible investing funds and it should be contribute to sustainable development. In addition, it would seem that carbon funds should be studied on establishing the contributable standard of sustainable development in the future assignment.

• 정보처리학회논문지:컴퓨터 및 통신 시스템
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• 제11권8호
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• pp.269-280
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• 2022

블록체인 기반 탈중앙화 금융 시장의 등장과 함께 분산 금융 어플리케이션의 사용자와 자본 유동성이 크게 증가하고 있다. 자동화 마켓 메이커는 탈중앙화 거래 플랫폼의 유동성을 바탕으로 자동으로 거래 단가를 계산하는 프로토콜로, 거래 플랫폼의 유동성 풀을 활용하여 구매자와 판매자가 동 시간대에 존재하지 않아도 거래의 성사를 가능하게 하여 현재 탈중앙화 거래 시장에서 가장 일반적으로 사용되고 있다. 그러나 자동화 마켓 메이커는 거래의 비용 효율이 거래에 사용되는 특정 유동성 풀의 유동성 규모에 의존하여, 유동성 풀의 규모가 작고 거래의 규모가 클수록 거래의 비용 효율이 크게 감소한다는 단점이 있다. 이를 해결하기 위한 방법으로 상대적으로 유동성의 규모가 큰 유동성 풀로 거래 경로를 우회하여 비용 효율을 개선하는 거래 경로 라우팅 알고리즘이 채택되고 있지만, 단일 거래 경로만을 사용하기 때문에 여전히 개선의 여지가 존재한다. 본 논문에서는 거래 경로를 우회하는 것에 더하여 거래 규모를 분산하여 다수의 거래 경로를 동시에 탐색하는 다중 경로 라우팅 알고리즘을 제안하고, 해당 알고리즘을 사용하여 자동화 마켓 메이커 기반의 거래 환경에서 기존의 거래 경로 라우팅 알고리즘에 비해 거래의 비용 효율을 개선한다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2003

New breeding method by genetic engineering is expected as a key technology to solve food shortage due to the growing world population in the year 2000s. Many genetically modified organisms (GMOs) were already developed and the commercial cultivation had started. The first GMO, Flavr Savr tomato, which rotted at a much slower pace than ordinary ones, was developed in US in 1994. Since then, over than 70 different agricultural products including corn, cotton, soybean, papaya, potato, and squash made with genetically modified plants are reportedly on sale worldwide. Supporters favor the GMOs because they have greater yields, longer shelf lives and stronger resistance to disease and insects. On the other hand, opponents say that the supporters ignore a potential danger that they may damage the environment as well as human beings. To assure the safe development and use of GMOs as food and other biotech products, the possible risks on biological environment and human health should be throughly examined and regulated by developer and government. Because the biosafety problem is a global, environmental, and trade issue, a new international treaty is under development. The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety was adopted at the 1 st Extraordinary Conference of Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity which was held at Mont-real, Canada, Jan. 29th, 2000. The adoption of the Protocol is seen as a breakthrough in that it is based on the" Precautionary Principle" despite scientific uncertainties surrounding potential risks that GMOs may inflict on human health and the environment and that it has laid the ground for introduction of specific steps to handle international trading of GMOs. In this paper, the authors would like to introduce the current status and perspective of environmental and human risk assessment of GMOs.t of GMOs.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.283-288
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• 2016

In this study, applicability of GHG ETS Offset Program in Korea for a refrigerant sector was analyzed by reviewing foreign management policy and project status in progress related to refrigerants in the disposal stage. In order to derive the implication of the domestic Offset Program, it was looked into approved offset projects and certified offset credits current state in Korea. Offset Program has approved 22 methodologies up to the present, so it is necessary to enhance the accessibility to GHG reduction in various industrial sector including the refrigerant sector by developing appropriate methodologies. In this study firstly, it was investigated that management regulation of countries are managing the refrigerants in the disposal stage such as United States, Japan, Australia. Secondly, of CDM methodologies there were two methodologies associated with the refrigerant reduction(treatment), which were decomposition HFC-23 and destruction of HFC-134a. Also there were a non-registered methodology about destruction of HFC-134a of end of life vehicles. Lastly, in California according to Compliance Offset Program, there was Compliance Offset Protocol in ODS Projects that provided eligible conditions. Based on the review, it was examined the possible conditions for domestic offset project for refrigerant sector

• 신재생에너지
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.104-113
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• 2007

교토의정서(Kyoto Protocol)의 발효로 전 세계적으로 에너지절약형 산업구조로의 전환 및 신재생에너지 개발 등의 온실가스 감축을 위한 노력이 활발하게 진행되고 있으며, 우리나라 또한 온실가스 저감을 피할 수 없게 되었다. 특히 선진국(Annex I)의 구속력 있는 감축목표를 규정하고 있는 교토의정서의 의무이행에 유연성을 부가하기 위해 교토메카니즘이 채택되었다. 교토 메카니즘은 CDM(Clean Development Mechanism), JI(Joint Implementation), ET(Emission Trading)로 이루어져 있으며, 이 가운데 CDM 사업은 선진국(Annex I)과 개발도상국 non-Annex I)간 공동 협력 사업으로 non-Annex I 국가인 우리나라가 참여할 수 있기 때문에 국내 기업 및 정부의 관심이 높아지고 있다. 이러한 CDM 사업을 수행하기 위해서는 적용 가능한 CDM 사업 방법론이 필요하며, 방법론이 없을 경우 CDM 사업 방법론을 개발하여야 한다. CDM사업 방법론에는 레이스라인, 추가성, 배출 감축량, 모니터링 등에 대한 구체적인 방법이 제시되어야 하고 사업 수행자는 사업의 타당성 확인 및 검증을 위해 방법론을 정확히 이해해야 한다. 따라서 본 CDM사업 방법론 연구를 통해 CDM사업 수행 및 방법론 개발을 위한 주요 항목의 이해를 돕고 국내 CDM 사업의 활성화를 도모하고자 한다.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제59권6호
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• pp.1017-1024
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• 2010

Under the Kyoto Protocol many countries have been requested to participate in emissions trading with the assigned $CO_2$ emissions. In this environment, it is inevitable to change the system and market operation in deregulated power systems, and then ensuring safety margin is becoming more important for balancing system security, economy and $CO_2$ emissions. Nowadays, available transfer capability (ATC) is a key index of the remaining capability of a transmission system for future transactions. This paper presents a novel approach to the ATC evaluation with $CO_2$ emissions using multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) technique. This technique evolves a multi-objective version of PSO by proposing redefinition of global best and local best individuals in multi-objective optimization domain. The optimal power flow (OPF) method using MOPSO is suggested to solve multi-objective functions including fuel cost and $CO_2$ emissions simultaneously. To show its efficiency and effectiveness, the results of the proposed method is comprehensively realized by a comparison with the ATC which is not including $CO_2$ emissions for the IEEE 30-bus system, and is found to be quite promising.