• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제12권
• /
• pp.615-641
• /
• 1999

Trade and the environment emerged as a major and complex issue for trade negotiators in the final stages of the Uruguay Round negotiations. The agreements and other international measures employing trade measures and trade sanctions for achieving global environmental objectives are Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer(1985), the Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer(1987), The Framework Convention on Climate Change(1992), the Convention on Biological Diversity(1992), the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal(1992), the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Faunna and Flora(1975), the Rio Declaration, the Agenda 21, etc. The texts of the World Trade Organization(WTO) incorporated certain provisions which were designed to reflect some of the environmental concerns are Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Properity Rights(TRIPs), Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs), the General Agreement on Trade in Services(GATS), and Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT) There is the possibility of conflict between multilateral environmental agreements and WTO agreements granting waivers against trade measures and sanctions. This remains a possibility, especially between countries which are Member of WTO and which are not Members of the relevant multilateral environment agreements, and countries which are Members of both the WTO and the relevant MEAs. Measures taken under the trade-related provisions of MEAs could potentially give rise to conflicts under obligations arising in WTO texts. If the parties in dispute are WTO members while they are not members of MEAs, the WTO provisions can be granted a certain priority in terms of international norms and vice versa. When the parties concerned are both WTO members and MEAs, it will be rational to grant the WTO provisions a priority. However, such measures should neither constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where similar conditions prevail, nor create a disguised restriction on trade. Also any trade measures taken should be necessary to prevent developments in trade from endangering the effectiveness of an MEA and they should be proportional and least trade restrictive.

• 통상정보연구
• /
• 제10권4호
• /
• pp.439-455
• /
• 2008

The SPS Agreement, concluded in the Uruguay Round for the purpose of controlling SPS risks, has traditionally been recognized to maintain the narrowest scope of application compared with TBT Agreement and GATT in relation with environmental provisions. Contrary to such an understanding on the scope of the SPS Agreement, the panel in the EC-Biotech case found that the SPS Agreement extends to regulate trade-restrictive measures on Genetically Modified Organizations(GMOs) causing health and environmental risks. This expanding scope of the SPS Agreement would have substantial influence on domestic environmental regulations as well as Multilateral Environmental Agreements(MEAs). This paper discusses the consequences of an expanding ambit for the WTO SPS Agreement through the designation of a wider range of health and environmental regulations affecting trade as SPS measures. As a result, not only precautionary measures on GMO risks, but also other health and environmental measures with trade impacts, could be subject to SPS control, and consequently, the institutional rigors of the WTO regime. However, strict and literal interpretation of the SPS provisions to expand its applicable scope would cause concerns about the WTO's intervention on the purely environmental measures. Pursuing harmonized and flexible interpretation of provisions on environment-related conflicts as well as accepting precautionary principle included MEAs will contribute to reduce such kind of concerns.

• 통상정보연구
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.247-271
• /
• 2012

1995년 WTO체제의 출범이후 환경론자들과 WTO 옹호론자들간의 환경과 자유무역의 촉진관계를 둘러싸고 논쟁이 증가해 왔다. WTO의 자유무역론자들은 환경보호를 빌미로 하는 위장된 무역제한수단을 강조해 온 반면 환경론자들은 WTO체제가 환경관련 협정문의 불충분 때문에 환경문제를 적절히 다룰 수 없다고 주장해오고 있다. 본 논문에서는 WTO 회원국들이 취한 환경보호조치가 환경보호를 빌미로 하여 국내산업계의 이해관계를 반영해 왔음을 발견하였다. 이를 근거로 본 논문에서는 향후 WTO체제내에서 환경과 무역간의 갈등문제를 해결하기 위하여는 WTO의 사법적 접근과 함께 환경보호조치와 관련하여 국내 및 국제적인 이해관계와 집단간의 이해관계를 아우를 수 있는 조화와 조정 노력이 필요할 것이란 점을 밝히고 있다.

• 통상정보연구
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.97-116
• /
• 2013

최근 들어 이런 환경문제와 관련된 가장 큰 특징은 선진국들을 중심으로 무역과 환경을 연계시키려는 움직임이 나타나고 있다는 것이다. 기후변화협약체제는 단순히 환경문제에만 국한되지 않는다. 경제활동에 있어 주요 동력원인 화석연료에 대한 규제는 곧 생산활동에 대한 규제로 직결되기 때문에 경제 및 무역에 미치는 영향은 지대한 것이다. 우리나라는 무역의존도가 매우 높으나 환경기준은 선진국에 비해 매우 낮기 때문에 환경문제가 무역과 연계가 강화된다면 우리나라 경제는 상당히 악영향을 받을 수밖에 없을 것이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 기후변화협약체제가 무역에 미칠 수 있는 영향을 살펴보고, 우리나라의 대응방안을 체계적으로 수립하는데 목적이 있다. 이러한 목적을 위하여 무역과 환경문제와의 상호관계를 살펴보고, 기후변화협약과 교토의정서의 무역관련 연계에 관해 분석하여 우리나라의 대응방안을 제시하고자 한다.

• 통상정보연구
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.433-457
• /
• 2011

WTO체제가 출범한 이후 회원국 간에 엄격한 다자간 규정의 적용을 보장함으로써, WTO체제에서의 각종 협정의 권위를 강화하고 효율성을 확보하는 수단으로 평가받아오고 있다. 그러나 국제경제 무역의 확대와 더불어 세계는 지구온난화, 멸종위기종, 천연자원의 고갈 등 환경문제를 고민하고 시작했고, 20세기말에 성립된 수많은 다자간 환경협정들에서 알 수 있듯이, 환경문제에 대한 세계적인 관심이 증가하고 있다. 그러나 WTO체제가 자유무역의 부정적인 효과로 인한 환경파괴와 관련하여 동 문제를 해결할 수 있는지에 대한 많은 도전 및 무역과 환경에 관한 논쟁에 있어서 어려운 쟁점이 있다. 첫째, 환경기준의 조화문제, 둘째, 상품의 공정 및 생산방법(PPMs)에 따른 상품표준의 사용문제, 셋째, 환경기준의 무역의무 위반여부를 결정하는데 있어서 사용될 무역규칙(trade rule) 문제, 넷째, 환경관련 분쟁에 있어서 환경관련 협정에 관한 심사기준의 적용문제이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 무역관련 환경조치를 WTO체제가 어느 정도 어떻게 수용하고 있는가를 구체적으로 밝힘으로써 무역을 통한 성장과 환경보존과 보호가 양립될 수 있는가 그리고 WTO 체제는 환경문제에 공헌하고 있는가에 대한 답을 얻고자 하는데 목적을 두었다.

• 무역학회지
• /
• 제44권4호
• /
• pp.153-168
• /
• 2019

The logistics industry is changing with the diversification of demand and related technology development. Thus, the transportation system is also changing to social problems and environmental damage, and the importance of rail freight is increasing with changes in the international logistics environment. This study analyzes railway freight competition structure using freight volume and suggests improving the competitiveness of railroad freight. To achieve the research purpose, this study was conducted using the Hirshmann-Herfindahl Index(HHI) and Location Quotients(LQ) method. As a result, the concentration trend of railway trends has increased from 0.213 to 0.238 during the last 9 years, and LQ analysis has enabled the identification of local competition lines by item. The study result confirmed that policy measures on railway freight system, railway infrastructure construction and railway operation are necessary to enhance railway competitiveness.

• 한국유기농업학회지
• /
• 제11권4호
• /
• pp.1-13
• /
• 2003

Several policy measures related to green tourism have been enforced from 2001 by Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF). Rural Development Administration(RDA). Ministry of Environment(ME) and Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs(MGAHA). These have to be introduced and managed of their own accord and autonomously. Also, the rural community that has been promoting green tourism must be harmonized with its natural environment, namely natural scenery and rural culture, which provide urban residents with amenity and rurality. So green tourism had better be based on environmental-friendly agriculture because it offers safe foods and areas, many creatures to see and play around. To manage green tourism sustainable, it if important for rural and urban residents to come into close relation and to trade in organic products each other. Lastly, the region bounds in green tourism have to be expanded into county(Gun) unit.

• 환경정책연구
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.17-40
• /
• 2003

The objective of this paper is to formulate strategies and action programs for developing sustainable agriculture in Korea. There is increasing evidence that agriculture has been preoccupied with increasing productivity much to the detriment of environmental degradation. The issue of increasing agricultural productivity so as not to undermine the environment is a difficult task. In reality, there are many definitions of sustainable agriculture and sustainable agricultural development. In this paper, sustainable agriculture is defined by its ability to ensure future supplies of agricultural products at acceptable economic and environmental costs to the society. Sustainable agriculture development refers to the optimal level of interaction among the three dimensions - the environmental, the economic and the social - through dynamic and adaptive processes of trade-off. In order to formulate the strategies for developing sustainable agriculture, three stage approaches such as strategic analysis, strategic choice, and strategic implementation are employed. The basic framework for strategies of sustainable agriculture development consists of five steps such as vision, targets, principles, action plan and policy instruments. The major action plans for activating formulated strategies are suggested as integrating agricultural and environmental policy measures, establishing the system of optimal agri-environmental resources management practices, establishing safe and high quality product system and its effective marketing system, increasing the R&D investment for developing sustainable agro-technology, developing indicators for measuring sustainable agricultural development, and taking a share in related roles for all parties including farmers, consumers, policy makers, researchers and NGOs.

• 통상정보연구
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.403-431
• /
• 2011

환경 관련 문제에 대한 관심이 고조됨에 따라, 국민의 건강 및 생명 보호를 위한 각국의 SPS조치는 국가 간 자유무역이라는 WTO의 주요원칙에 역행하는 규제적인 무역관행을 낳고 있다. 그러나 분쟁 발생 시 패널이 회원국의 조치를 심사하는데 필요한 심사기준과 관련된 규정은 SPS협정에 존재하지 않는다. 뿐만 아니라 과학적 실험, 데이터 등과 밀접한 관련이 있는 협정의 특성으로 인하여, 본 협정에 적합한 심사기준에 대해서는 상반된 의견들이 대립하고 있으며 실제 분쟁사례에서도 일관된 기준이 적용되고 있지 못하다. 국가차원에서 결론 내려진 사실적, 법적 판단을 패널이 심사할 때 적용하는 심사기준은, 당국의 결정을 패널이 존중하는 정도에 따라 '적극적 개입(de novo review) 기준'과 '존중(deference) 기준'이라는 두 가지의 대립적인 기준으로 나누어질 수 있다, 이 두 가지 대립적인 기준을 중심으로, 본 논문에서는 WTO협정에서 규정하고 있는 심사기준을 검토하고 SPS 협정에 적합하게 적용할 수 있는 심사기준을 모색하고자 한다. 그리고 최근 US-Hormones Suspension 사건 판결에서 적용한 심사기준을 분석하여 SPS협정에 적용 가능한 심사기준이 어떠한 방향으로 정립되고 있는지 살펴보고자 한다.

• 무역학회지
• /
• 제47권6호
• /
• pp.55-69
• /
• 2022

Within the worse of the environment, Climate change caused by global warming is becoming serious around the world, and green logistics to pursue sustainable development in the logistics sector are receiving more and more attention. Along with the acceleration of the global economy, eco-friendly issues are playing an increasingly important role in the logistics industry, and various policy measures are being pursued to establish the green logistics system. This study aims to analyze research trends in eco-friendly logistics, and the SNA methodology was applied by extracting keywords from 518 domestic and foreign papers from 2013 to August 2022. The period is divided into three stages: 2013-2015, 2016-2019, and 2020-2022, and 'logistics' and 'sustainable development' were derived as top logistics eco-friendly keywords at all stages. Besides, In the first stage(2013-2015), the term 'environmental performance' and 'freight transport' attracted the attention of scholars. In the second stage(2016-2019), keywords such as 'third-party logistics' and 'lean logistics' have attracted the attention of scholars. In the third stage(2020-2022), the 'internet of things' and 'circular economy' received the attention of scholars. In line with the growth of the economy, it was confirmed that research related to eco-friendly logistics is gradually expanding to a sustainable concept. Based on this study, it is possible to grasp the research trends of the academic community to cope with recent environmental changes and provides reference materials to consider future research directions.