• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was designed to analyze the contributing factors, as well as the incidence and nature of the cardiac toxicity, in patients presenting with diphenhydramine overdose. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of the intoxicated patients who presented to the ED of Korea University Anam Hospital from January 2008 to December 2010. Those patients who visited due to a diphenhydramine overdose were selected and the following features were recorded for analysis: the general characteristics, vital signs, the amount of ingested diphenhydramine, the time interval from ingestion to presentation, the coingested drugs (if any), the toxicities and the ECG findings. Cardiac toxicity, while defined mainly in terms of the temporary ECG changes such as QTc prolongation, right axis deviation, QRS widening, high degree AV block and ischemic changes, also encompassed cardiogenic shock, which is a clinical finding. Results: A total of eighteen patients were enrolled. Of the eighteen patients, eight had ingested diphenhydramine only, while ten had ingested other drugs in addition to diphenhydramine. The most commonly observed toxicity following diphenhydramine overdose included cardiac toxicity (78%). Cardiac toxicity was observed in all the patients who presented to the emergency department 2 hours after ingestion. The patients with QTc prolongation turned out to have ingested significantly larger amounts of diphenhydramine. Conclusion: QTc prolongation and right axis deviation were common findings for the patients with a diphenhydramine overdose. QTc prolongation was more likely to occur with ingesting larger amounts of diphenhydramine. Close monitoring is mandatory for patients who have ingested large amounts of diphenhydramine to prevent such potentially lethal cardiac toxicity.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.307-314
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• 2008

폐기물 매립지의 조기 안전화를 위해 여러 가지 Chemical Oxidation법이 개발되어 왔지만, 이 방법을 폐기물 매립지에 적용하고 난 후에 생성될 수 있는 부산물들이 주변 환경에 영향을 줄 가능성이 있다. 그래서, 이 방법을 실제 매립지에 적용하기 전에, 일본 키타큐슈에 있는 소각재가 묻혀 있는 모형 매립지에 다섯 가지 조건 -A, 콤포스트 추가; B, 과산화수소수 살수; 과산화수소수+공기주입; D, 공기주입; E, control- 을 적용하여 그 효능을 테스트하였고, 이 매립지에서 이 방법들의 적용 후에 생성되는 침출수의 급성 독성을 세 가지 microbiotests를 이용하여 monitoring하였다. 테스트 기간 중, 침출수의 수질은 개선되었고, 그 급성 독성은 점차적으로 감소하였다. 과산화수소수와 공기의 조합을 적용한 후 생성된 침출수의 급성 독성이 가장 빨리 감소하여 폐기물 매립지의 조기 안정화에 도움을 주었다. 이러한 독성 시험 결과는 몇 가지 화학적 parameters와 상관성이 있었고 여기에 사용된 급성 독성 테스트법은, 매립지 안정화를 위한 Chemical Oxidation법의 적용 후, 침출수 수질을 monitoring하는데 적절하였다. 그러므로 폐기물 매립지의 조기 폐지 기준에 독성 시험의 포함을 고려해 볼 필요가 있다고 생각한다.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.170-174
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: Inappropriate discharge of wastewaters and industrial effluents are becoming detrimental to the aquatic environment. The presence of toxic substances on wastewaters can be detected by physicochemical and biological methods. However, physicochemical methods do not give any information about biological toxicity. Therefore, in this study we tried to detect the presence of toxic substance on waters using sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) as a bioassay. MATERIALS AND RESULTS: The SOB biosensor was first stabilized using synthetic stream water and operated in both continuous and semi-continuous mode. When the SOB biosensor was operated in continuous mode, the effluent electrical conductivity (EC) stabilized at~1.72 dS/m. While in the case of semi-continuous, the EC stabilized at~0.6 dS/m. The SOB system was also operated at different reaction times to ascertain the shortest reaction time for monitoring the toxicity. Finally, the SOB biosensor was fed with nitrite as toxic substance. When 5 mg/L of nitrite was added to the SOB system, the EC decreased immediately. However, the EC recovered after few cycle. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the SOB biosensor can be used as warning system to protect aquatic environment from hazardous materials. Although SOB biosensor can not give specific information about the toxic substances, it can assess whether the water is toxic or not.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.02a
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• pp.108-109
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• 2013

Mitochondria play key roles in the production of cell's energy. Their dominant function is the synthesis of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphate (Pi) through the oxidative phosphorylation. Evaluation of drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity has become increasingly important since mitochondrial dysfunction has recently been implicated in numerous diseases including cancer and diabetes mellitus. Mitochondrial functions have been monitored via oxygen consumption, mitochondrial membrane potential, and more importantly via ATP synthesis since ATP synthesis is the most essential function of mitochondria. Various analytical methods have been employed to investigate ATP synthesis in mitochondria, including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), bioluminescence technique, and pH measurement. However, most of these methods are based on destructive analysis or indirect monitoring through the enzymatic reaction. Infrared absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) is one of the useful techniques for real-time, label-free, and direct monitoring of biological reactions [1,2]. However, the strong water absorption requires very short path length in the order of several micrometers. Transmission measurements with thin path length are not suitable for mitochondrial assays because solution handlings necessary for evaluating mitochondrial toxicity, such as rapid mixing of drugs and oxygen supply, are difficult in such a narrow space. On the other hand, IRAS in the multiple internal reflection (MIR) geometry provides an ideal optical configuration to combine solution handling and aqueous-phase measurement. We have recently reportedon a real-time monitoring of drug-induced necrotic and apoptotic cell death using MIR-IRAS [3,4]. Clear discrimination between viable and damaged cells has been demonstrated, showing a promise as a label-free and real-time detection for cell-based assays. In the present study, we have applied our MIR-IRAS system to mitochondria-based assays by monitoring ATP synthesis in isolated mitochondria from rat livers. Mitochondrial ATP synthesis and hydrolysis were in situ monitored with MIR-IRAS, while dissolved oxygen level and solution pH were simultaneously monitored with O2 and pH electrodes, respectively. It is demonstrated that ATP synthesis and hydrolysis can be monitored by the IR spectral changes in phosphate groups in adenine nucleotides and MIR-IRAS is useful for evaluating time-dependent drug effects of mitochondrial toxicants.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.187-190
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• 2000

Effects of gamma ionizing radiation on recombinant Escherichia coli cells containing stress promoters, recA, fabA, grpE, or katG, fused to luxCDABE originated from Vibrio fischeri were characterized by monitoring transcriptional responses reflected by bioluminescent output. Quantification of gamma-ray intensity may be possible using the recA and fabA promoter fusion since a linear enhancement of bioluminescence emission with increasing gamma-ray intensity was observed. Other strains sensitive to either oxidative stress (DPD2511, katG::luxCDABE) or protein-damaging stress (TV1061, grpE::luxCDABE) were also irradiated by gamma-rays, and resulted in no noticeable bioluminescent output while DPD2794 with recA promoter and DPD2540 with fabA promoter irradiated by the same intensities of gamma-rays gave a significant bioluminescent output. This indicates that the main stresses in the recombinant bacteria caused by ionizing radiation are DNA and membrane-damage, not protein- or oxidative-damage. In addition, in this study, to investigate the relationship between the radiation dose rate and bacterial responses, two recombinant Escherichia coli strains, DPD2794 and GC2, containing lac promoter fused to luxCDABE originating from Photorhapdus luminescences, were used for detecting DNA damage and cellular toxicity under various radiation dose rates. Throughout this study, it was found that these bacteria showed quantitative stress responses to DNA damage and general toxicity caused by gamma rays, depending on the radiation dose rates, indicating that the bacterial stress responses and general toxicity were seriously influenced according to radiation dose rates.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.55-61
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• 2014

In this study, we evaluated the measurement of working environment, the amount of exposure, the hazards and risks of biphenyl, that was registered as 2A in IARC. Based on the exposure scenario, it was calculated that the exposure amounts are $1.0{\times}10^{-2}$, $4.2{\times}10^{-4}$, $7.0{\times}10^{-6}mg/m^3$, respectively, and the $RfC_{work}$ is 0.21, 2.13, 0.53 $0.31mg/m^3$ as carcinogenicity, target toxicity (oral), target toxicity (inhalation), developmental toxicity, respectively. According to these hazards evaluation and risk assessments, it was estimated that 0.57, 0.39 as carcinogenicity and non-carcinogenicity (developmental toxicity), respectively. It was also estimated relatively lower risks below 1. But since biphenyl is hazardous used much amounts, and could be exposed to workers directly, it was determined to require exposure monitoring to protect workers' health.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.39-51
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• 2011

Acute toxicity test and behavioral change analysis of seawater acclimated Japanese medaka were conducted to identify the brine effects on fish by seawater desalination. 7 day acute toxicity test of brine revealed linear concentration-response relationship from 40.0~80.0 psu treatment groups. There was no significant brine effect for 30-40 psu groups and mass mortality was observed from >50 psu exposure (7-day $LC_{50}$=51.4 psu). Images from the real time camera system were analyzed to observe the changes in behavioral patterns of medaka exposed to various salinity. 40.0 and 50.0 psu exposed groups were stabilized in behavioral patterns after 3.1 and 4.6 hours, respectively and 60.0 psu group showed sharp increase in activity during first 12 hours and 50% mortality thereafter. Similar patterns were observed to 70 and 80 psu groups and both experimental groups showed 100% mortality within 12 hours. Acute toxicity test and behavioral patterns showed very similar toxicity results which revealed the increases in mortality and behavioral activities from 50.0 psu. This critical salinity for fish impacts must be implemented to brine discharge strategy by seawater desalination into the coastal area. Also, we recommend that real time camera monitoring system must be a useful tool for early warning of fish toxicity for other applications. This research was funded by Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.134-134
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• 2005

• Proceedings of the Korean Society For Composite Materials Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.43-46
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• 2004

Through investing the criteria and evaluation for fire performance of interior components, this paper introduce the testing items and requirements for Flammability, Smoke density, and Toxicity properties of TTX(Tilting Train eXpress) interior parts. Next time, all trains including TTX will be occupied the components with superior fire-resistance and the sensing and monitoring system for fire in train.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.65-70
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• 2013

Azathioprine is the most common drug used to maintain clinical remission in inflammatory bowel disease. This drug is also important as a steroid-sparing agent in steroid-dependent and chronically active inflammatory bowel disease. Nevertheless, many questions remain concerning the optimal treatment regimens of azathioprine. The dose of azathioprine has to be reduced or the therapy has to be discontinued frequently because of drug-induced toxicity. In this review, we discuss monitoring of thiopurines, adverse events, malignant complications and how to use azathioprine safely and usefully.