• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.11-17
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• 2000

There are among the most relevant toxic emissions from incinerators such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Induction of cytochrome P4501A1 catalyzed 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase(EROD) activity in mammalian cell culture(EROD bioassay) is thought to be a selective and sensitive parameter used for the quantification of dioxin-like components. In this study, the toxic emissions from several school waste incinerators were evaluated by determination of CYPIA catalytic activity and cytotoxicity using cell culture microbioassay. The incinerator residue and soil samples were collected from the schools located in Kyunggi province from April to June 1999. The samples were extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus using toluene for 20 hours. In order to clean-up, concentrated crude extracts were applied to basic alumina column. The EROD activities of extracts in the H4IIE cells were from 1.91$\pm$0.32 ng-TEQ/g to 24.54$\pm$3.48 ng-TEQ/g of biochemical-TEQ value. In soil samples, CYP1A catalytic activity was 0.09~0.64 ng-TEQ/g. EROD bioassay, seems to be a useful short-term bioassay when information about the biological response of complex environmental samples is needed. Although further study is needed, these results indicate that the potent toxic emissions are produced from school waste semi-incinerators.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 1979

Rice seeds, suweon 264, were germinated under 5 levels of toxic heavy metals, Cd(0, 0.05, 0.5, 5, 20ppm), Cu(0, 0.05, 0.5, 5, 20, ppm), Cr(0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10ppm), Ni(0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10ppm), Co(0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10ppm), Zn(0, 0.5, 5, 20, 40, ppm), Pb(0, 0.5, 5, 20, 40ppm) and Mn(0, 1, 10, 25, 50, ppm) in culture solution, and then grown with supplying culture solution contained respective concentrations. Germination and growth response to the toxic heavy metals were studied. Results obtained are as follows : 1) The germination injury of rice seeds by excess concentration of toxic heave metal in culture solution occured in Cd and Cu; below 0.05 ppm, Ni; below 0.5 ppm, Mn; below 1.0 ppm, Co and Cr; 0.5-1.0 ppm, and 0.5-5 ppm, Zn and Pb. Thereby, in the order of degrees of the elements toxicity to germination, they were arranged as follows : Cd>Cu>Ni>Co>Cr>Mn>Zn$$\geq_-$$Pb. 2) Toxic heavy metal concentrations in culture solution, which result in decreasing dry weight due to the injury of excess concentration of treated elements, were Cd: below 0.05 ppm, Ni, Cr and Co; below 0.5 ppm, Cu and Zn; 0.5-5 ppm, Pb; 5-20 ppm and Mn; 10-25 ppm. The order was Ni>Cd>Cr>Co>Cu$$\geq_-$$Zn>Pb>Mn. 3) The critical contents of Cd, Ni, Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Co in dry matter, Which result in decreasing dry weight, were considered to be 0.05-15.5, 1.50-25.0, 24.0-28.0, 26.5-62.5, 470-645.0, 231.0-500.0 and below 15.0 ppm, respectively. 4) The contents of Cr, Co, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu and Zn in dry matter by 0.5 ppm treatment concentration of each heavy metals was trace, 15.0, 17.5, 24.0, 25.0, 84.5 and 470.0 ppm, respectively. Thereby, in the order of each element to uptaked by rice seedlings, they were arranged as follow; Zn>Cu>Ni>Pb>Cd>Co>Cr. 5) The hazardous concentrations of root activity by toxic heavy metals in culture solution were Cd; below 0.05, Cu; 0.05-0.5, Cr; below 0.5, Ni; 0.5-1.0, Co; 0.5-1.0, Zn; above 0.5, Pb; 0.5-5.0 and Mn; 1.0-10.0 ppm. The hazardous degree of root activity by toxic heave metals was in the order of Cd>Cu>Cr>Zn>Ni>Co>Pb>Mn.

• ALGAE
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.471-477
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• 2006

Amphora costata W. Smith 1853 is a down thrown diatom species and also known as metal corrosive ship-fouling organism. A. costata was isolated from Alang ship breaking yard, Alang and evaluated the toxicity tolerance and growth responses of the cultures exposed to different doses of toxic and relatively accessible heavy metals, such as Fe, Mn, Cd, Co, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Pb in the constantly monitored laboratory culture conditions. The strongest toxic effect was observed on A. costata exposed to Cd even at relatively low concentrations as compared to other metals. The following trend of decreasing order of toxicity i.e. Cd>Zn>Ni>Co>Pb>Cu>Fe was observed, when they were exposed to equal concentration and expose time.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.57 no.12
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• pp.538-541
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• 2014

Varicella is usually considered to be a benign disease in healthy children; however, serious complications can occur such as necrotizing fasciitis and toxic shock syndrome. We describe a 38-month-old girl with necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome following varicella. She was previously healthy and vaccinated against varicella at 12 months of age. She had been diagnosed with varicella three days prior to presenting at our facility; she developed fever, vomiting, and painful swelling on her left flank. Her skin lesions worsened, she became lethargic, and had episodes of hypotension and coagulopathy. Necrotizing fasciitis on the left abdominal wall, buttocks, and left thigh was diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging, and group A Streptococcus was isolated from a tissue culture. She was diagnosed as necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, and successfully treated with repeated surgical debridement and fasciotomy, in addition to intensive antibiotics. Our experience suggests that necrotizing fasciitis in patients with varicella should be considered to be a rare complication even with widespread vaccine use. Early diagnosis and intensive treatment are required to prevent a fatal outcome.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.1152-1155
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• 2010

In order to establish an axenic (bacteria-free) culture of Microcystis aeruginosa NIER 10039 isolated from a Korean reservoir, the culture was subjected to sequential treatment, including ultrasonication, washing, and addition of antibiotics. Three broad-spectrum antibiotics, namely, kanamycin, ampicillin, and imipenem, were applied separately in that order. Axenicity of the culture was confirmed by cultivation on bacterial media and observation under epifluorescence and scanning electron microscopes. We are the first to establish an axenic culture of a Microcystis strain isolated from Korean reservoirs and can be used in physiological and molecular studies to control toxic Microcystis blooms.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.101-114
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• 1974

The fine structure of HeLa cells treated with several mycotoxin-producing fungi (Aspergillus flavus ATCC 15517, Aspergillus parastiticus RIB 1037, Penicillium toxicarium RIB 4002, Penicillium cirinum SWU)238, Penicillium islandicum IFO 5235, Penicillium tadum IFO 5787 and Pencillium brunneum RIB 1172) has been examined and some details have been descried. The normal HeLa cell have numerous microvilli, large ovoid nucleus, pleomorphic mitochondria, electron-dense body, Golgi complex, mid-body and endoplasmic reticulum etc. Certain specific structural changes induced by culture filtrates of several mycotoxin-producing fungi have been noted. These alterations induced disappearance of Golgi complex, rER vacuolization, nucleolus attachment to the nuclear envelope nad appearance of certain vacuoles. There were not any changes by the treatment of culture filtrates of non-toxic fungi and only cell debris of some specimens can be observed by the injury of culture filtrates. The experimental animals treated with mycotoxin-producing fungi (Aspergillus flavus ATCC 15517, Aspergillus parasilicus RIB 1037, Penicillum citrinum SWU 238, Penicillium toxicarium RIB 4002, and Penicillium islandicum IFO 5235) were mal cells treated with culture filtrates.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2020.10a
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• pp.158-158
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• 2020

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.139-148
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to isolate and identify algicidal bacterium that tends to kill the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella, and to determine the algicidal activity and algicidal range of algicide. METHODS AND RESULTS: Among of algicidal bacteria isolated in this study, NH-3 isolate was the strongest algicidal activity against A. catenella. NH-3 isolate was identified on the basis of biochemical characteristics and analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. The NH-3 isolate showed over 99% homology with Arthrobacter oxydans, and was designated as Arthrobacter sp. NH-3. The optimal culture conditions were $25^{\circ}C$, initial pH 7.0, and 2.0% (w/v) NaCl concentration. The algicidal activity of Arthrobacter sp. NH-3 was significantly increased to maximum value in the late of logarithmic phase. Arthrobacter sp. NH-3 showed algicidal activity through indirect attack, which excreted active substance into the culture filtrate. When 10% culture filtrate of NH-3 was applied to A. catenella, 100% of algal cells were destroyed within 30 h. In addition, the algicidal activities were increased in dose and time dependent manners. The pure algicide was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the culture filtrate of NH-3 by using silica gel column chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We investigated the algicidal activity of this algicide on the growth of harmful algal bloom (HAB) species, including A. catenella. As a result, it showed algicidal activity against several HAB species at a concentration of $100{\mu}g/mL$ and had a relatively wide host range. CONCLUSION: Taken together, our results suggest that Arthrobacter sp. NH-3 and its algicide could be a candidate for controlling of toxic and harmful algal blooms.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.428-437
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• 2007

The potential for humic substances to serve as terminal electron acceptors in microbial respiration and the effects of humic substances on microbial azoreduction were investigated. The dissimilatory azoreducing microorganism Shewanella decolorationis S12 was able to conserve energy to support growth from electron transport to humics coupled to the oxidation of various organic substances or $H_2$. Batch experiments suggested that when the concentration of anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQS), a humics analog, was lower than 3 mmol/l, azoreduction of strain S12 was accelerated under anaerobic condition. However, there was obvious inhibition to azoreduction when the concentration of the AQS was higher than 5 mmol/l. Another humics analog, anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQDS), could still prominently accelerate azoreduction, even when the concentration was up to 12 mmol/l, but the rate of acceleration gradually decreased with the increasing concentration of the AQDS. Toxic experiments revealed that AQS can inhibit growth of strain S12 if the concentration past a critical one, but AQDS had no effect on the metabolism and growth of strain S12 although the concentration was up to 20 mmol/l. These results demonstrated that a low concentration of humic substances not only could serve as the terminal electron acceptors for conserving energy for growth, but also act as redox mediator shuttling electrons for the anaerobic azoreduction by S. decolorationis S12. However, a high concentration of humic substances could inhibit the bacterial azoreduction, resulting on the one hand from the toxic effect on cell metabolism and growth, and on the other hand from competion with azo dyes for electrons as electron acceptor.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.36-39
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• 2000

Toxic hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), was reduced to a less toxic trivalent chromium form by E. coli ATCC 33456. The suitable electron donor for Cr(VI) reduction was glucose. E. coli ATCC 33456 was more resistant to metal cations than other reported Cr(VI) reducing microorganisms. Cell growth was inhibited by the presence of Cr(VI) in a liquid medium and Cr(VI) reduction accompanied cell growth. With a hydraulic retention time of 20 h, Cr(VI) reducing efficiency was 100% to 84% when Cr(VI) concentration in the influent was in the range of 10 to 40 mg L$\^$-1/. Specific rate of Cr(VI) reduction was 2.41 mg Cr(VI) g DCW$\^$-1/ h$\^$-1/ when 40 mg L$\^$-1/ of Cr(VI) influent was used. This result suggested the potential application of E. coli ATCC 33456 for the detoxification of Cr(VI) in Cr(VI) contaminated wastewater.