• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.22-29
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• 2020

In this study, the fire patterns, heat emissions, and smoke generated by means of fire tests developed for representative combustibles in residential facilities were analyzed from among seven fire types. These combustibles were selected in a previous study to simulate real-world situations and professionalism required while dealing with these types of fires and develop the field commander training content. Consequently, the maximum heat dissipation was recorded as 728.6 kW, followed by the dissipation measured from the combination of a mattress and electric blanket, desk and chair, and TV and mattress. The total heat emission of sofas (226.2 MJ) and the combination of mattress and electric blanket (2,259.5 ㎡) was recorded. In this study, the scope of the tests was limited to the fire characteristics and characteristics of the combustibles, and it is expected that a simulation using various data acquisition methods and FDS would be performed and evaluated at a later stage.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.105-120
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• 2004

The flame retarded NBR foams were prepared with metal hydroxides and various phosphorus/nitrogen-contain ing flame retardants. The dependency of the phosphorus content on thermal properties, flame retardancy, smoke density, and foaming properties were investigated in the foams. Foaming properties and morphology of the flame retarded NBR foams with P/N flame retardants( ${\le}10 phr$) were similar to those of the foams without P/N ones but containing metal hydroxides The flame retardancy of the foams was improved with increasing the phosphorus content and char formation under combustion atmosphere. The cone-calorimeter test and LOI index were also coincided with the TGA analysis quite well. The heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), and effective heat of combustion (EHC) were decreased, whereas the carbon monoxide yield was increased with increase of the phosphorus content of P/N flame retardant. The smoke density values were closely related with CO yield values obtained by the cone-calorimeter test due to the high and hard char formation.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.52-57
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• 2014

The present study suggests the fundamental method for the prediction time of the fire origin by analyzing the combustion phenomenon of inflammable material in the building structure. The heat release rate (HRR) with time variant is evaluated for the interphone as a inflammable material, which is opted from the fire incidents in the stairwell. the fire dynamics simulator (FDS ver. 6.1) is applied in order to analyze the difference of the smoke inflow time to the downstair from the fire event area with various fire pattern. The results show that the maximum inflow time difference for the case of the interphone made from ABS materials is about 4.93 times with the input conditions of heat flux values and the environment in the FDS for the fixed stairwell which composed of total volume $291.3m^3$, floorage $23.3m^2$ and the height of each floor 2.5 m. This research can be practical information for the application method of simulation scheme with experimental data to the fire Identification.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2013

In this study, flame retardancy of polyurethane foam and phenolic foam were investigated by addition of phosphorous flame retardants. The thermal degradation behavior of polyurethane foam and phenolic foam in the presence of flame retardants has been studied by thermogravimetric analysis(TGA). Heat release rate(HRR), mean HRR, mass loss rate(MLR), total smoke released(TSR) and limited oxygen index(LOI) were tested by cone calorimeter. From the test results, Phenolic foam showed low HRR, MLR and TSR than polyurethane foam.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.316-325
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• 2003

The blends of waste-polyethylene (W-PE)/waste-ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (W-EVA) with inorganic and phosphorous flame retardants (i.e., aluminium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and so on) were prepared by melt mixing techniques at different compositions and foamed. The flame retardancy and foaming properties of the blends, limiting oxygen index (LOI), heat release rate (HRR), carbon monoxide yield (COY), total heat release (THR), effective heat of combustion (EHC), expandability and cell structure were investigated using cone calorimeter, SEM, LOI tester and polarizing microscope. When the composition ratios of the W-PE/W-EVA blends were 50/50 (w/w), and the ranges of the flame retardants contents were $175{\sim}220 phr$, we could obtain foams with the uniform and closed cell, high expandability (1900 % or more), high LOI, and low HRR values. These results depend on crosslinking and loaming conditions, a char formation and smoke suppressing effect. Aluminium hydroxide had more effect in the increase of LOI than magnesium hydroxide, while magnesium hydroxide considerably affected the decrease of HRR and COY.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.127-140
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• 2024

Upon direct/indirect exposure to flame or heat, composite structures may burn or thermally buckle. This issue becomes more important in the natural fiber-based composite structures with higher flammability and lower mechanical properties. The main goal of the present study was to obtain an optimal eco-friendly composite system with low flammability and high thermal buckling resistance. The studied composite consisted of polypropylene (PP) and short abaca fiber (AF) with eggshell powder (ESP) and halloysite clay nanotubes (HNTs) additives. An optimal base composite, consisting of 30 wt.% AF and 70 wt.% PP, abbreviated as OAP, was initially introduced based on burning rate (BR) and the Young's modulus determined by horizontal burning test (HBT) and tensile test, respectively. The effects of adding ESP to the base composite were then investigated with the same experimental tests. The results indicated that though the BR significantly decreased with the increase of ESP content up to 6 wt.%, it had a very destructive influence on the stiffness of the composite. To compensate for the damaging effect of ESP, small amount of HNT was used. The performance of OAP composite with 6 wt.% ESP and 3 wt.% HNT (OAPEH) was explored by conducting HBT, cone calorimeter test (CCT) and tensile test. The experimental results indicated a 9~23 % reduction in almost all flammability parameters such as heat release rate (HRR), total heat released (THR), maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE), total smoke released (TSR), total smoke production (TSP), and mass loss (ML) during combustion. Furthermore, the combination of 6 wt.% ESP and 3 wt.% HNT reduced the stiffness of OAP to an insignificant amount by maximum 3%. Moreover, the char residue analysis revealed the distinct differences in the formation of char between AF/PP and AF/PP/ESP/HNT composites. Afterward, dilatometry test was carried out to examine the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of OAP and OAPEH samples. The obtained results showed that the CTE of OAPEH composite was about 18% less than that of OAP. Finally, a theoretical model was used based on first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) to predict the critical bucking temperatures of the OAP and OAPEH composite plates. It was shown that in the absence of mechanical load, the critical buckling temperatures of OAPEH composite plates were higher than those of OAP composites, such that the difference between the buckling temperatures increased with the increase of thickness. On the contrary, the positive effect of CTE reduction on the buckling temperature decreased by raising the axial compressive mechanical load on the composite plates which can be assigned to the reduction of stiffness after the incorporation of ESP. The results of present study generally stated that a suitable combination of AF, PP, ESP, and HNT can result in a relatively optimal and environmentally friendly composite with proper flame and thermal buckling resistance with no significant decline in the stiffness.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.412-425
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• 2004

The influence of expandable graphite (EG) on flame retardancy and foaming properties of the NBR/GTR foams was studied. The foaming properties were similar to those of NBR/GTR foams without EG when the EG contents were 10$\~$30 phr. The LOI values were increased with the EG content. For cone-calorimeter test, the data showed the trend similar to that from experiment. When the composition ratios of the compounds of NBR/GTR were 100$\~$0/80$\~$20 (w/w), and the EG contents were 10$\~$30 phr, we obtained high flame retardancy foams with low heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), effective heat of combustion (EHC) and carbon monoxide yield (COY). The smoke density is similar to CO yield values obtained by the cone-calorimeter test. TGA analysis also showed the results approximately similar to those from the LOI and cone-calorimeter experiments.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.19-26
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• 2018

Experiments on the combustion characteristics of untreated wood specimens and also treated ones with boric acid and ammonium pentaborate were carried out using a cone calorimeter according to ISO 5660-1 standard. As a result, comparing to untreated specimen, the fire performance index (FPI) of the specimens treated with boron compounds increased by 1.2 to 2.1 times and the fire growth index (FGI) increased by 1.6 to 8.4%. Also, total smoke release rate (TSR) was 9.0 to 28.3% lower than that of the untreated specimen. It is understood that the test specimens treated with the boron compound produces a carbonized layer with a flame retarding effect. The highest CO concentration, 0.01112%, for the untreated specimen was observed at 418 s, but the specimens treated with boron compound decreased 13.2 to 37.5% compared to untreated specimen. Therefore, wood treated with boron compounds is expected to have lower fire hazards and risks.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.27-37
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• 2022

With the recent increase in the spread of ESS (Electric Storage System), the damage to human life and property is also rapidly increasing due to continuous fires caused by ESS. In the manufacture of urethane sandwich panels used in ESS, it is necessary to improve the flame retardant performance. In this study, in order to realize the flame retardant properties of flexible polyurethane foam, the effect of the tissue density of the product due to the change of the isocyanate functional group parameter that changes the physical properties of the product on the fire performance was studied. The product was manufactured by changing the density of the urethane structure, and combustion performance tests, gas toxicity tests, and smoke density tests were performed. As a result, it was confirmed that the total amount of heat released had excellent performance when the isocyanate functional group was high, and had no correlation with the maximum heat release rate. When the value of the isocyanate functional group was 2.7 or more, the collapse of the shape could be prevented. In the gas hazard test, the performance was increased when the isocyanate functional group was relatively high, so a flame retardant for the Char system, which had a dense structure and easy to form a carbonized film, was added. confirmed to be. Therefore, as a result of this study, it is thought that it will be possible to lay the foundation for the development of a flame retardant to replace the cheap urethane sandwich panel used in the past.