• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.11-24
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• 2015

This study investigated the general status of tube feeding for intensive care unit (ICU) inpatients and evaluated the consequent nutritional status of patients. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of a general hospital located in Daegu metropolitan city. The subjects of this study were 80 adult patients who had been admitted to the ICU of a hospital, received fed tube feeding, and then been discharged. The differences in nutrition screening indicators, including percentage ideal body weight (PIBW), serum albumin, hemoglobin, total lymphocyte count, and total cholesterol, before and after tube feeding according to body mass index (BMI) or nutrient feeding levels were investigated. The ratios of actually provided amounts to calorie and protein requirements of patients were $72.8{\pm}15.8%$ and $72.6{\pm}19.8%$, respectively. The change in PIBW before and after tube feeding was significantly different among the BMI groups (P<0.01). The change in hemoglobin concentration before and after tube feeding was also significantly different among the BMI groups (P<0.01). When subjects were divided into three groups (<60%, 60~79%, ${\geq}80%$) according to the ratio of actually provided calories to required calories, there was no significant difference in nutrition screening indicators before and after tube feeding. When the subjects were divided into three groups (<60%, 60~79%, ${\geq}80%$) according to the ratio of actually provided protein to required protein, serum albumin concentration showed a significant difference among the groups before and after tube feeding (P<0.05). Therefore, an intensive nutrition intervention program would be needed for the nutritional improvement of ICU inpatients receiving tube feeding.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.6
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• pp.1077-1091
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• 2022

This study was conducted to determine the rumen fermentation dynamics of lupin flakes and elucidate the effects of lupin flake supplementation on the growth performance, blood metabolites, and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. In vitro and in situ trials of lupin grains and lupin flakes were conducted using three Hanwoo cows with rumen fistulas. The feeding trial included 40 early-fattening Hanwoo steers randomly divided into four groups: control, T1, T2, and T3. Their formula feed contained 0%, 3%, 6%, and 9% lupin flakes, respectively. In vitro rumen pH and ammonia concentrations were lower in the lupin flake group than in the lupin grain group after 6 and 24 h of incubation, respectively (p < 0.05). Concentrations of propionate, butyrate, and total volatile fatty acids were higher in the lupin flake group than in the lupin grain group after 12 h of incubation (p < 0.05), as was the crude protein disappearance rate at 9 and 12 h of rumen fermentation (p < 0.05). Supplementation with lupin flakes did not affect the average daily gain. Compared to that in the control group, dry matter intake was lower in the lupin flake-supplemented groups (p < 0.05); the feed conversion ratio was lower in T2 and T3 (p < 0.05); and plasma total protein concentration in 29-month-old steers was lower in T1 and T3 (p < 0.05). Plasma triglyceride concentration was lower in the lupin flake-supplemented groups than in the control group (p < 0.05). The incidence rate of yield grade A was higher in T1 and T2 than in the control group; the incidence rate of meat quality 1⁺ grade or higher was highest in T2. The carcass auction price was higher in T2 than in the other groups. Overall, compared to whole lupin grains, lupin flakes seem to more substantially affect rumen ammonia concentrations and crude protein disappearance rate. Additionally, we suggest that supplementation with 6% lupin flake formula feed exerts positive effects on the feed conversion ratio, yield grade, and quality grade of Hanwoo steers.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.235-244
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• 2007

By comparing the proteins from the workers exposed to styrene with the ones from controls, it may be possible to identify proteins that play a role in the occurrence and progress of occupational disease and thus to study the molecular mechanisms of occupational disease. In order to find the biomarkers for assessing the styrene effects early, before clinical symptoms develop and to understand the mechanisms of adverse health effects, we surveyed 134 employees, among whom 52 workers(30 male and 22 female) were chronically exposed to styrene in 10 glass-reinforced plastic boat manufacturing factories in Korea and 82 controls had never been occupationally exposed to hazardous chemicals including styrene. The age and drinking habits and serum biochemistry such as total protein, BUN and serum creatinine in both groups were significantly different. Exposed workers were divided into three groups according to exposure levels of styrene(G1, below 1/2 TLV; G2, 1/2 TLV to TLV; G3, above TLV). The mean concentration of airborne styrene in G1 group was $10.93{\pm}11.33ppm$, and those of urinary mandelic acid(MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid(PGA) were $0.17{\pm}0.21$ and $0.13{\pm}0.11g/g$ creatinine, respectively. The mean concentration of airborne styrene in G2 and G3 groups were $47.54{\pm}22.43$ and $65.33{\pm}33.47ppm$, respectively, and levels of urinary metabolites such as MA and PGA increased considerably as expected with the increase in exposure level of styrene. The airborne styrene concentration were significantly correlated to the urinary concentration of MA(r=0.784, p=0.000) and PGA(r=0.626, p<0.001). In the 2D electrophoresis, the concentration of five proteins including complement C3 precursor, alpha-1-antitrypsin(AAT), vitamin D binding protein precursor(DBP), alpha-1-B-glycoprotein(A1BG) and inter alpha trypsin inhibitor(ITI) heavy chain-related protein were significantly altered in workers exposed to styrene compared with controls. While expression of complement C3 precursor and AAT increased by exposure to styrene, expression of DBP, A1BG and ITI heavy chain-related protein decreased. These results suggest that the exposure of styrene might affects levels of plasma proteinase, carriers of endogenous substances and immune system. In particular, increasing of AAT with the increase in exposure level of styrene can explain the tissue damage and inflammation by the imbalance of proteinase/antiproteinase and decrease of DBP, A1BG and ITI heavy chain-related protein in workers exposed to styrene is associated with dysfunction and/or declination in immune system and signal transduction

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1718-1728
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• 2011

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the in vitro ability of keratinase to hydrolyze soybean glycinin and ${\beta}$-conglycinin and to evaluate the in vivo effects of keratinase when included in corn-soybean diets with different levels of crude protein and fed to nursery pigs. In experiment 1, a saturated keratinase solution (1 ml) was added to two blank controls of either glycinin or ${\beta}$-conglycinin resulting in the hydrolysis of 94.74% glycinin and 88.89% ${\beta}$-conglycinin. In experiment 2, 190 pigs (8.3${\pm}$0.63 kg BW) were allotted to one of four treatments in a 2${\times}$2 factorial arrangement on the basis of body weight, and sex was balanced among the pens. The effects of crude protein (19 vs. 22%) and keratinase (0 vs. 0.05%) were studied. Each treatment was applied to six pens with seven (two pens) or eight pigs per pen. Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 21 d. Weight gain and feed conversion ratio were improved (p<0.05) with keratinase supplementation while feed intake was reduced (p<0.05). Keratinase supplementation increased (p<0.05) the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, energy, crude protein and phosphorus. Keratinase supplementation also increased n-butyric acid in the cecum and colon, lactobacilli and total anaerobe counts in the colon as well as the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the ileum. Additionally, fecal score, ammonia nitrogen and branch chain volatile fatty acids in the colon, E. coli and total aerobe counts in the colon, crypt depth in the jejunum and ileum as well as serum interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 concentrations were also decreased (p<0.05) by keratinase supplementation. A reduction in dietary crude protein decreased (p<0.05) colon ammonia nitrogen concentration and cecal propionic acid and branch chain volatile fatty acid concentrations. In addition, cecal E. coli counts, colon total anaerobe counts, ileal crypt depth, and serum interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 concentrations were also decreased (p<0.05) with the reduction of dietary crude protein. With the exception of fecal scores, there were no significant interactions between crude protein and keratinase. This study provides evidence that dietary keratinase supplementation improved nursery pig performance by improving intestinal morphology and ecology, thus improving nutrient digestibility and alleviating the inflammatory response.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.889-896
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• 2006

This study was arranged to investigate effects of maternal nursing potential on immune metabolites in blood, body weight gain and occurrence of disease in Hanwoo calves. Forty experimental calves were used and allocated into two groups with different maternal nursing potential. Thus, high or low maternal nursing potential group had twenty calves, respectively. The concentrations of IGF-I, RBC, Ca and IP in blood were similar between two groups, except for RBC. RBC concentration in blood from high maternal nursing potential group was significantly higher compared with low maternal nursing potential group at 5 days after birth (p<0.05). The concentrations of IgG, albumin, total protein and GGT in blood were similar between two groups during the whole experimental period. The days from birth had no effects on the concentration of IgG, albumin and GGT in blood from two groups, except for total protein. Similarly, the maternal nursing potential had no direct effect on body weight of calves, but body weight in high maternal nursing potential group tended to be higher compared with low maternal nursing potential group at 6 months age. The occurrence of respiratory disease and diarrhea in high maternal nursing potential group was relatively lower compared with low maternal nursing potential group. Therefore, the present study indicating that maternal nursing potential had effect on growth, and immune system in relation to disease in calves.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1742-1748
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• 2006

The experiment was conducted on 264 crossbred Karan-Fries (Holstein Friesian${\times}$Tharparkar) cows, over one year to explore the possibility of using milk urea (MU) concentration and milk protein content to monitor feeding adequacy under farm condition and to investigate the effects of different animal factors and season on MU concentration. Individual noon (1200 to 1300 h) milk samples were collected once in every month and analysed for urea and protein contents. Representative feed samples were also collected on the same day of milk collection and were analysed for CP content. A significant positive association (p<0.01) between MU concentration and milk yield was observed. MU concentrations (mg/dl) were found to be significantly (p<0.01) higher and lower in first lactation (44.8${\pm}$0.7) and in early lactation stage (40.7${\pm}$0.5), respectively. Average MU values were found to be significantly (p<0.01) higher in winter (50.7${\pm}$0.3) and lower in summer (32.9${\pm}$0.6). During the investigation, of the total MU observations, 50.3% were within the range of 30 to 50 mg/dl, 21.4% were <30 mg/dl and only 7.5% were >60 mg/dl. MU concentration was found to be associated significantly (p<0.05) with CP content of forages rather than concentrate. A close positive association (p<0.01) between MU level and daily milk protein (DMP) yield was observed during the investigation. The regression equation, DMP yield (g) = -24.6+33.5 daily milk yield (kg) +0.9 MU (mg/dl) was developed to establish the reference level of DMP yield. The result indicates that the effect of parity and stage of lactation may be ignored while interpreting MU values. However, reference MU values may be standardised separately for high milk yielders as level of milk yield contributes significantly to the variation of MU. The study revealed that the MU values together with DMP yield and milk protein content could be used as a potential non-invasive pointer to monitor feeding adequacy in dairy cows under farm conditions.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.219-240
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• 2006

Objective : This experimental study was designed to determine the anti-obestic effects of Bangpoongtongsungcankamibang(BTSK). Method : In vitro, BTSK extracts of various concentration (50,100, 200 $200{\mu}g/ml$)were added examination. The protein and mRNA expression of $C/EBP{\alpha}$ and $PPAR{\gamma}$ receptor was measured by western blot assay and RT-PCR. In vivo, BTSK extracts of various concentration (100, $200{\mu}g/ml$) were orally administered to induced hyperlipidemic rats by poloxamer-407 for consecutive four weeks and serum triglyceride, total cholesterol were measured. This method applied to induced hyperlipidemic rats by triton WR-1339, too. Obesity induced rats by the high fat-diet for six weeks were orally administered BTSK extracts of various concentration (100, $200{\mu}g/ml$) and serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, hydroxy radical, superoxide dismuatse activity were measured. Results : I. In vitro 1. The 3T3-L1 cells' differentiation was significantly decreased by BTSK. 2. expression of $C/EBP{\alpha}$ and $PPAR{\gamma}$ was was significantly decreased by BTSK. II. In vitro 1. BTSK significantly reduced serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, contents in poloxamer-407 treated rat. 2. BTSK significantly reduced serum triglyceride, contents in Triton WR-1339 treated rat. But Total cholesterol did not show a significant change. 3. BTSK significantly reduced body weight gain of rat and adipose tissue mass of rats and serum triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, contents and significantly increased HDL-cholesterol, HTR(HDL-cholesterol/Total-cholesterol) in rats with obesity induced by the high fat-diet. 4. BTSK reduced blood lipid peroxide, hydroxy radical and increased superoxied dismuatse(SOD) activity.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 1992

This study was aimed to observe dose-response effects of squid liver oil enriched in n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(n-3 PUFA) on the metabolism of streptozotocint(STZ)-induced diabetic rats. In this experiment, 24 STZ-induced diabetic male rats of Sprague Dawley strain were divided into 4 groups and fed for 4 weeks with basal diet(0%). 33%,67% and 100% squid liver oil(SLO) of total fat content, and 6 normal rats were fed with 0% SLO diet at the same time. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Rat group fed with 33% SLO diet showed the least body weight loss and changes in blood glucose, while ones of 100% SLO diet showed the highest level. 2. Serum total protein and ratio of albumin to globulin of all the groups were below the standard level, but did not show significantly different among diet groups. 3. Serum creatinine concentration of all the groups were stayed whthin normal range, but BUN were 3 to 4 times higher than normal rats. BUN concentration of rats fed with 0% and 33% SLO diet was significantly lower than those of others. 4. Total-cholesterol level of serum increased in all the groups except 33% SLO diet, but since HDL-chol, levels and TG concentration went up with an incerase of SLO in the diets, the ratio of HDL-chol. to total-chol, of rats fed with 67% and 100% SLO diet showed higher than those with 0%, and 33% SLO, and TG concentration of rats fed with 67% and 100% SLO diet decreased significantly.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.46-50
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• 2007

Transformed hairy roots were induced from in vitro grown plantlets of Trichosanthes kirilowii by infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain ATCC15834. Transformed hairy roots exhibited active growth with high branching of roots on plant growth regulators-free medium. Cloned line (TR-03) of hairy root was tested for its growth and extracellular protein accumulation in medium under various culture conditions. Among the culture media tested, a full-strength MS medium had a pronounced effect on root biomass and extracelluar protein accumulation in medium. The maximum root biomass (2.4 g DRW/flask) and extracellular total protein contents $(28.3ug/m\ell)$ in medium was obtained at inoculum size of 2 g (FRW) and in MS medium supplemented with 4% sucrose. In addition, the optimal shaking speed for root growth and extracellular protein accumulation in medium were 100 rpm. The total extracellualr protein concentration reached a maximum of $28.3ug/m\ell$ at 4 weeks and decreased thereafter. Protein translation inhibitory activity was observed in culture broths and reached levels of 21.3 unit. These studies demonstrate that the transformed hairy roots can be utilized for the in vitro production of ribosome-inactivating proteins.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.1569-1576
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• 2011

Accurate assessment of the nutritional status of Nguni cattle is becoming increasingly important in determining their mechanism for adaptation to challenging environments. Changes in body weights and concentrations of total protein (TP), albumin, globulin, glucose, cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), phosphorus (SIP), calcium and magnesium were determined in Nguni and crossbred calves raised on natural pasture from birth until weaning. At an early age, TP concentration in crossbreds was higher (p<0.05) than that of Nguni calves. However, TP levels increased with age in Nguni calves so that Nguni's had higher (p<0.05) TP levels than crossbreds at weaning. Nguni calves had higher (p<0.05) glucose concentrations than crossbreds in all the ages except in the third month. Serum NEFA levels in Nguni calves were higher (p<0.05) than in crossbreds at all ages except for the second month. Calcium levels decreased (p<0.05) with age in both genotypes. The blood TP concentrations tended to decrease (p<0.05) as body weight increased up to 80 kg, thereafter blood TP concentration increased (p<0.05) as body weight increased. Calcium concentrations in crossbred calves decreased (p<0.05) quadratically as the body weight increased. There was, however, a linear increase (p<0.05) in calcium concentrations in Nguni calves. The higher NEFA and TP concentrations at weaning and the TP increase in Nguni calves beyond 80 kg suggest that Nguni's utilise fibrous feeds better than crossbreds.