• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.171-184
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• 1993

In Seoul area, there are so many kennel clubs, veterinary hospital, pet establishment and breeding confers that various problems have occurred. They are crowed pet houses, poor sanitation, stress to puppies, sudden environmental changes to puppies and unvaccination against parvovirus, canine distemper virus, parainfluenza virus, infectious hepatitis caused by Adenovirus type I and Leptospira. Several studies were made to survey the infectious agents involved in acute diarrhea of poppies in Seoul are, such as history taking, physical examination, complete blood count and serum chemistry, histopathological finding, bacterial isolation and identification, and hemagglutination test in feces and hemagglutination inhibition test in serum against parvovirus, respectively. The results obtained are summarized as followed. 1. The percent of PCV (30.5$\pm$5.6) and concentration of Total protein(5.0$\pm$0.8) resulted from statistical analysis are significantly lower than normal values (p<0.05), respectively. In addition, fibrinogen (505$\pm$326) was significantly higher an normal value (p<0.001), Band neutrophil (22.9$\pm$12.7) showed signifiant difference (P<0.01). decreased monocyte (3.2$\pm$2.1) and eosinophil (0.7$\pm$0.8) values appeared statistically significant (p<0.001), lymphocyte (16.7$\pm$9), as well. 2. The concentrations of calcium .(8.0$\pm$2.8), glucose (40.1$\pm$31.4), and albumin (2.0$\pm$0.39) were lower than normal values (p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.001), respectively. Also Inorganic phosphate (7.1$\pm$2.4), pH (p<7.9f:0.2), and Blood Urea Nitrogen (40.41=37.1) were significantly higher than normal values (p<0.001, p(0.001, p<0.05), respectively. 3. Simple and mixed infections occupied 18% and 82% in the distribution of causes in puppies with acute diarrhea, respectively. 4. As puppies got older, incidence of acute diarrhea caused by Staphylococcus aureus was decreased to 13% and infection of canine distemper virus was increased to 53%, but E coli and canine parvovirus always showed high frequency of outbreak in the body weight ranged from 35g to 7.8Kg. 5. As showed in table 5, infections of E coli and Canine Parvovirus showed high outbreak regardless of the age which is classified into three stages, 35~50 day, 60 day and 75~day to 1 year, canine distemper virus appeared increased, but in case of Staphylococcus aureus, visa versa. 6. In comparison wi methods for the laboratory diagnosis diagnosis parvovirus, Hemagglutination test showed positive reaction in 25% and mean serum antibody titer measured by Hemagglutination inhibition test showed 2779 (n=20). In addition, positive reaction was 90% (18/20). 7. In histopathological studies, enteritic and pneumonic lesions were indicated in 53.7% and 39.5% of samples, respectively. 8. Etiologic diagnosis based on the history taking, clinical signs and histopathological findings in puppies with acute diarrhea and vomiting indicated that 50% of puppies were infected by canine parvovirus and distemper virus. 9. In the parasitological examination made by simple flotation with saturated zinc sulfate tour parasites found were Isospora canis, Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma spp and Toxocara spp. Isospora canis and Toxocara canis were more frequently found among those parasites of diarrhoeic causes in puppies ranged from 35 days to 1 year. Their infestation rates were 15% and 13% respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine the effects of probiotics supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, occurrence of diarrhea and immune response in weaning pigs. Treatments were 1) NC (basal diet), 2) PC (basal diet + 0.12% avilamycin) and 3) A (basal diet + 0.2% Aspergillus oryzae), 4) B (basal diet + 0.2% Lactobacillus casei), 5) C (basal diet + 0.2% Bacillus subtilis), 6) D (basal diet + 0.2% Lactobacillus crispatus). A total of 120 pigs ($7.16\pm0.01$ kg average body weight, weaned at $23\pm3$days of age) were assigned to 6 treatments, 5 replicates and 4 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. During the whole experimental period, body weight (P<0.01), average daily gain (ADG; P<0.01), and average daily feed intake (ADFI; P<0.05) of treatment PC were higher than other treatments. However, the probiotics treatments tended to increase ADG and G:F ratio compared to treatment NC. The G:F ratio in treatment A (Aspergillus oryzae) was similar to treatment PC during the whole experimental period (P<0.05). The supplementation of probiotics in the diet of weaning pig did not change nutrient digestibility (dry matter, crude protein, crude fat and ash) and nitrogen retention of weaning pigs. In blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration, treatment B had lower value than other treatments at 2 and 4 weeks (P<0.05). Treatments PC and C tended to decrease diarrhea score than other treatments (P=0.18). At 3h after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection, treatments NC and PC had higher count of $CD^{4+}$ T-cells than probiotics treatments, and treatment C showed the lowest value (P<0.01). There were no differences on count of $CD^{8+}$ T-cells and $CD^{4+}:CD^{8+}$ ratio among all treatments (P>0.10). These results suggest that the dietary probiotics are likely able to improve the growth performance, occurrence of diarrhea and immune response although they do not have similar effects like antibiotics in weaning pigs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 1971

Nutritional anemia is an important nutritional problem affecting large population groups in most developing countries. Nutritional anemia is caused by the absence of any dietary essential involed in hemoglobin formation or by poor absorption of these dietary components. The most likely causes are lack of dietary iron, and folate, vitamin $B_{12}$ and high qualify protein. Anemia is considered to be a late mainfeastation of nutritional deficiencies, and even mild anemia is not the earilest sign of such a deficiency. Therefore, the object of therapy is to correct underlying deficiency rather than merely its manifestation. Iron deficiency anemia is generally much the most common form of anemia. And it is very prevalent particularly in pregnant women and young children, especially under five year of life. According to the rapid growth rate of infants, dietary iron should he provided for infants over three months of age in adequate amounts for the synthesis of hemoglobin required by the increasing blood volume and for the demands of newly formed cells. The principal causes of iron deficiency anemia are an inadequate dietary iron content, interference with absorption of iron from the intestine, excessive losses of iron from the body, disturbance of iron metabolism by infection, and social and cultural environments. The present study is planned to obtain informations concerning nutritional anemia through anthropometric and biochemical determinations for the assessment of nutriture in pre-school children. Determination was taken in 226 pre-school children in ruraI arae in 1968, 122 pre-school children in 1970, and 1526 hospitalized pre-school children in 1970. The results of this study are as follows; (1) According to Iowa Malnutrition Borderline (85 percentile) for weight, the proportions of underweighed pre-school boys and girls in rural area were 47.2% and 46.2% in1968, and were 36.1% and 51.8% in 1970. According to Iowa Malnutrition Borderline for height, the proportions of underheight boys and girls in rural area were 30.5% and 33.7%, and were 26.2% and 21.8% in 1970. Malnutrition scores of underweight for height values of boys and girls in rural area were 19.3 and 17.3 in 1968, and the scores of boys and girls were 15.6 and 15.5 in 1970. (2) The mean hemoglobin values of boys and girls in rural area were $11.2{\pm}1.8g/100ml\;and\;11.4{\pm}1.6g/100ml$ in 1968. In 1970, the mean values of boys and girls in rural area were $11.3{\pm}1.3g/100ml\;and\;11.7{\pm}2.4g/100ml$. The mean hemoglobin values of hospitalized boys and girls were $11.9{\pm}2.2g/100ml\;and\;11.7{\pm}2.4g/100ml$ in 1970. It is found that 92 of 215 children (42.7%) in rural area had concentrations of hemoglobin less than 11.0g/100ml in 1968. In 1970, 55 of 121 children (45.4%) in rural area and 559 of 1526 hospitalized children (36.6%) had concentrations of hemoglobin less than 11.0g/100ml. (3) The mean hematocrit levels of hospitalized boys and girls were $35{\pm}26.8%\;and\;35.4{\pm}6.4%$ in 1970. And 443 of 1334 hospitalized children (33.2%) had hematocrit values below 33%. (4) The average mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration levels of hospitalized boys and girls were $32.4{\pm}2.2\;and\;32.3{\pm}2.2$ in 1970. And 1016 of 1352 hospitalized children (75.1%) had the mean corpuscular hemoglobin values below 34. (5) The mean iron values of young children in rural area and hospitalized children were $62.0{\pm}6.3{\mu}g/100ml\;and\;60.7{\pm}22.8{\mu}g/100ml$. The proportions of anemia cases below $50{\mu}g/100ml$ in rural area was 37.9%, and 34.3% in hospitalized children. (6) The mean total iron binding capacity of young children in rural area was $376{\pm}57.88{\mu}g/100ml,\;and\;342.2{\pm}6.15{\mu}g/100ml$ in hospitalized children. (7) The average transferrin saturation percentage of young children in rural area was $16.9{\pm}4.7%,\;and\;18.0{\pm}8.4%$ in hospitalized children. The proportions of anemia cases below 15% of young chi1dren in rural area and hospitalized children were 48.3% and 41.2%. Therefore, authors wish to recommend that the following further studies should be undertaken: (1) Standardization of simplied laboratory examination of nutritional anemia. (2) The prevalence of nutritional anemia and the requirements of iron, folate, and vitamin $B_{12}$ of pre-school children. (3) The content and absorption of iron in Korean food. (4) The pathogenesis of nutritional anemia and prevention of parasitic disease. (5) Maternal health and nutrition education.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.7
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• pp.791-797
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• 2009

Purpose : We aimed to investigate the clinical manifestations of and antibiotic resistance in culture-proven childhood salmonellosis. Methods : Clinical manifestations and laboratory data of and antibiotic use in subjects with culture-proven childhood salmonellosis, who were treated at the Chonbuk National University Hospital between September 1998 and August 2008, were analyzed retrospectively. Patients with underlying diseases or concomitant illnesses were excluded. Results : We assessed a total of 72 patients. There were 68 stool culture-positive cases, 7 blood culture-positive cases, and 3 both stool culture- and blood culture-positive cases. Salmonella group D was the most frequent pathogen in stool (63.9%) and blood (71.4%) cultures. Salmonella typhi was isolated in 1 case. Of the 72 patients, 45 (62.5%) were male children, of which 29 (40.3%) were aged <3 years. The patients most commonly presented with diarrhea (90.2%) and fever (83.3%). Leukocytosis (leukocyte count, >$15,000/{\mu}L$) and leukopenia (leukocyte count, <$4,000/{\mu}L$) were detected in 8.3% and 5.6% of the patients, respectively. Elevated serum C-reactive protein concentration (>5 mg/dL) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (>20 mm/h) were observed in 88.9% and 58.3% of the patients, respectively. Fifty-two (85.2%) of 61 patients who had undergone antibiotic treatment received a third-generation cephalosporin as definitive antibiotic therapy. Multidrug resistance rate was 40.0 % in the first 5 years of the study and 71.4% in the last 5 years. No fatalities occurred in this series. Conclusion : Children with culture-proven salmonellosis showed relatively benign clinical outcomes. Appropriate antibiotic treatment of <2 weeks is probably adequate for those without a suppurative focus of infection. The incidence of antibiotic resistant isolates was recently seen to increase.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.221-227
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• 1977

Contents of proline and chloride in halophytes were $80-1700\;{\mu}g/gfw$ and 0.13-0.45 mM/gfw respectively. The content of proline was inversely proportional to that of chloride. Rhizomes of Phargmites communis Trin, a halophyte, were grown in non-saline medium and then taken to saline treatment for one or two weeks. Growth of P. communis was inhibited when salinized with 0.25M NaCl. Total nitrogen decreased and alcohol soluble nitrogen and proline increased when growth was retarded. The quantity of Fraction 1 protein decreased at 0.25M NaCl treatment. The accumulation of proline at high concentration in P. communis suggested that it might play a role in osmotic adjustment.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.73-80
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of dietary probiotics supplementation contained with astaxanthin synthesizing microorganism 'Phaffia rhodozyma' on the productivity and meat quality of ducks. Growth performance carried out during 45 days for day-old ducks offered in Joowonori incorporated. A total of 150 day-old ducks(cheribery) of mixed sex(M:F=1:1) were allotted into 5 groups. The basal diets were added with low levels of astaxanthin containing probiotics. We investigated mortality, bodyweight, and feed conversion used by growth performance. 45day-old ducks were butchered and carried out nutrients composition analysis, meat quality test, organoleptic examination, fatty acid analysis, cholesterol analysis, storage test, and astaxanthin concentration analysis. Control showed $3.7\%$ mortality and treatments showed $0\%$ mortality. These results showed improvement of immunity, for influence of dietary probiotics supplementation contained with astaxanthin. The control gained 2.68 kg and treatment gained 2.84 kg. The control was 2.15 and treatment was 1.83 for feed conversion. Treatment was increased feed conversion than control as significantly. The results of meat quality test showed that treatment was tender and taste more than control. The results of nutrients composition analysis showed that treatment was produced low fat and high protein meat. Ducks meat of treatments contained higher unsaturated fatty acid and lower cholesterol than control. The case of carotenoids confirmed that astaxanthin and $\beta-carotein$ were accumulated in duck meat.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.191-200
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of application of cattle slurry on forage productivity and environmental pollution in rice paddy land. Cropping systems used in this study consisted of two designs, such as whole crop rice applied with standard fertilizer (MWRS) and whole crop rice applied with cattle slurry (MWRC). The field experiments were conducted on the clay loam at Backsanmyun, Kimje, Chunlabukdo province in Korea for three years (May 2006 to Apr. 2009). This study was arranged in completely randomized design with three replicates. The yield of dry matter of whole crop rice in MWRS was similar as compared with that of MWRC. The contents of crude protein of whole crop rice in MWRS significantly increased as compared with those of MWRC (P<0.05). However, the contents of acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) of whole crop rice were hardly influenced by cattle slurry application. The pH, and contents of T-N, $P_2O_5$ and organic matter (OM) in soil samples collected at the end of the experiment increased as compared with those at the beginning of the experiment. After the end of experiment, the concentrations of exchangeable cations (Ca, Na, Mg and K) in soil samples collected at the end of the experiment were remarkably higher than those at the beginning of the experiment (P<0.05). The concentrations of $NO_3$-N and $NH_4$-N in discharge water in MWRS, MWRC and DWBRC were higher in 2008 than those in 2007. But the concentration of $PO_4$-P in discharge water was hardly influenced by the cropping system during experimental period. The concentrations of $NO_3$-N, $NH_4$-N and $PO_4$-P in leaching water were hardly influenced by application of cattle slurry.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 1985

Seven different strains of lactic bacteria and 13 combinations of these microorganisms were tested for their acid forming capacity on a vegetable milk made from lupinseed protein concentrate(LPC). L acidophilus, L casei, S. lactis, L. mesenteroides, mixed culture of L. acidophilus and S. thermophilus, and mixed culture of S. lactis and L. mesenteroides were selected and further tested for their growth pattern and acid forming property on lupinseed milk both untreated and partly hydrolized one with carbohydrate decomposing enzymes. The enzyme hydrolized lupinseed milk had 1.5 folds of total free sugar, 8.2 folds of fructose, 3 folds glucose, 2.3 folds maltose, compared to the untreated lupinseed milk. For the untreated lupinseed milk, L. mesenteroides was appeared to be most suitable microorganism having the maximum cell concentration of 1.0 $\times$ 10$^{9}$ $m\ell$ and the final pH 4.40 with the acidity 0.46％. For the enzyme treated lupinseed milk, mixed culture of L. acidophilus and S. thermophilus showed the best performance having 1.9$\times$10$^{9}$ $m\ell$ maximum cell number and the final pH and acidity were 3.69 and 1.13％, respectively. Lactic acid fermentation altered the physical property of lupinseed milk; by fermentation the viscosity generally increased with untreated lupinseed milk, but decreased with enzyme hydrolized one. The viscosity change and sedimentation rate of fermented milk varied with the type of lactic bacteria. The results of sensory evaluation indicated that S. lactis, L. casei, mixed culture of S. lactis and L. mesenteroides, and mixed culture of L. acidophilus and S. thermophilus, grown on enzyme hydrolized lupinseed milk, could produce acceptable lactic beverage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.10
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• pp.1484-1491
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• 2015

The new cultivar Lentinula edodes, which is named 'Lentinula edodes GNA01', was bred by mating strains isolated from 'L26' and 'Kyoungwon9015' obtained from Sammyungjin Research Institute, Fujian, China. L. edodes GNA01 does not have stipes like L. edodes, although it generally has a similar spherical shape. Moisture and crude protein contents of L. edodes GNA01 were lower than those of L. edodes. Meanwhile, L. edodes GNA01 contained higher levels of crude ash, crude lipid, crude fiber, and carbohydrates than L. edodes. The ${\beta}$-carotene content ($19.05{\mu}g/100g$) of L. edodes GNA01 was about three times higher than that of L. edodes. In addition, vitamin D content ($118.53{\mu}g/100g$) of L. edodes GNA01 was more than twice that of L. edodes. L. edodes GNA01 was a good source of mineral elements, with K and Mg contents of 2,277.50 mg/100 g and 203.15 mg/100 g, respectively. The major fatty acids of L. edodes GNA01 were C16:0 and C18:2, and L. edodes GNA01 had the highest linoleic acid (C18:2) content of 1,087.66 mg/100 g. Total phenol content of L. edodes GNA01 was 12.52 mg GAE/g, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values of L. edodes GNA01 were lower than those of L. edodes at all concentrations. However, DPPH radical scavenging activities and FRAP values of L. edodes GNA01 were above 80% and 0.9 at a concentration of 10 mg/mL, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.328-337
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• 1990

The incividual and combined effects of the chloroacetanilide herbicide pretilachlor and of the safener fenclorim on the growth and selected physiological processes of rice (Oryza sativa L., var 'Lemont')were evaluated under greenhouse and laboratory conditions. Fenclorim applied at rates ranging from 50 to 300 g a.i./ha antagonized the injurious effects caused by 150 to 900 g a.i./ha of pretilachlor on 15-day old wet-sown rice grown under greenhouse conditions. When used rates of 150 g/ha or higher, fenclorim reversed completely the effects of all doses of pretilachlor on rice. When the two compounds were given simultaneously, fenclorim enhanced the uptake of $^{14}C$pretilachlor into rice leaf mesophyll protoplasts measured for 1 hr, indicating that competition for uptake at the protoplast level is not involved in the protective action of this safener. The safener-induced stimulation of pretilachlor uptake was particularly evident when fenclorim was used at concentrations of 10, 20 and $40{\mu}M$. Following 4 hr of incubation, individual treatments with pretilachlor inhibited the in vitro incorporation of radiolabeled precursors into proteins, DNA, and lipids of rice leaf protoplasts only when used at the high concentration of $100{\mu}M$M. Individual treatments with high concentrations (10 or $100{\mu}M$) of the safener fenclorim inhibited the incorporation of radiolabeled precursors into proteins and lipids of rice protoplasts, but had no DNA synthesis. The combined effects of pretilachlor and fenclorim on the incorporation of radiolabeled precursors into these macromolecules of isolated rice mesophyll protoplasts appeared to be additive or slightly synergistic rather than antagonistic. Fenclorim at $1{\mu}M$ antagonized the effects of pretilachlor on total lipids of rice leaf protoplasts. In addition, individual and combined treat-menu with pretilachlor and fenclorim influenced the incoroporation of$^{14}C$acetate into polar lipids, triglycerides and steryl esters of rice leaf protoplas causing a redistribution of carbon in these lipid fractions. However, these effects were not large enough to explain the herbicidal activity of pretilachlor or to account for the protective action of the safener fenclorim. Overall, the uesults of the present study idnicate that the safener fenclorim does not seem to protect rice against pretilachlor injury by antagonizing its effects on protein, DNA, or lipid syntheses.