• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.379-385
• /
• 2017

In this study, white ginseng was used as the raw material, which was fermented with Paecilomyces hepiali through solid culture medium, to produce ginsenosides with modified chemical composition. The characteristic chemical markers of the products thus produced were investigated using rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RRLC-QTOF-MS). Chemical profiling data were obtained, which were then subjected to multivariate statistical analysis for the systematic comparison of active ingredients in white ginseng and fermented ginseng to understand the beneficial properties of ginsenoside metabolites. In addition, the effects of these components on biological activity were investigated to understand the improvements in the phagocytic function of macrophages in zebrafish. According to the established RRLC-QTOF-MS chemical profiling, the contents in ginsenosides of high molecular weight, especially malonylated protopanaxadiol ginsenosides, were slightly reduced due to the fermentation, which were hydrolyzed into rare and minor ginsenosides. Moreover, the facilitation of macrophage phagocytic function in zebrafish following treatment with different ginseng extracts confirmed that the fermented ginseng is superior to white ginseng. Our results prove that there is a profound change in chemical constituents of ginsenosides during the fermentation process, which has a significant effect on the biological activity of these compounds.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.205-214
• /
• 2020

Background: This article aims to compare and analyze the contents of ginsenosides in ginseng of different plant ages from different localities in China. Methods: In this study, 77 fresh ginseng samples aged 2-4 years were collected from 13 different cultivation regions in China. The content of eight ginsenosides (Rg₃, Rc, Rg₁, Rf, Rb₂, Rb₁, Re, and Rd) was determined using rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (RRLC-Q-TOF MS/MS) to comparatively evaluate the influences of cultivation region and age. Results: Ginsenoside contents differed significantly depending on age and cultivation region. The contents of ginsenosides Re, Rc, Rg₁, Rg₃, and Rf increased with cultivation age, whereas that of ginsenoside Rb₁ peaked in the third year of cultivation. Moreover, the highest ginsenoside content was obtained from Changbai (19.36 mg/g) whereas the lowest content was obtained from Jidong (12.05 mg/g). Ginseng from Jilin Province contained greater total ginsenosides and was richer in ginsenoside Re than ginseng of the same age group in Heilongjiang and Liaoning provinces, where Rb₁ and Rg₁ contents were relatively high. Conclusion: In this study, RRLC-Q-TOF MS/MS was used to analyze ginsenoside contents in 77 ginseng samples aged 2-4 years from different cultivation regions. These patterns of variation in ginsenoside content, which depend on harvesting location and age, could be useful for interested parties to choose ginseng products according to their needs.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.146-153
• /
• 2017

In this study, we isolated ginseng crude saponin (GCS) from Korean red ginseng (KRG) and determined the ginsenoside content in it to investigate the physiological and pathological effects of GCS on acute pulmonary inflammation induced by intratracheal instillation of cigarette smoke condensates (CSC) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) solution in BALB/c mice. GCS was orally administered at doses of 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg for 3 weeks. The recovery rate of GCS from KRG was 6.5 % and total ginsenosides from GCS was 1.13 %, and the content of Rb1 was the highest among them. Total inflammatory cells in the lung homogenates and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) increased following intratracheal administration of CSC and LPS. However, GCS administration impaired this increase. Furthermore, it inhibited the increase in leukocytes in the blood, considerably decreased neutrophils in BALF, and declined infiltration of inflammatory cells and deposition of collagen in the tracheal and alveolar tissue. In this study, GCS was found to have a protective effect against acute pulmonary inflammation and it may be beneficial in preventing various respiratory diseases.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.210-216
• /
• 2007

The backbone structure of ginsenosides, active ingredients of Panax ginseng, is similar with that of sterol, especially cholesterol. Caenorhabditis elegans (c. elegans) is one of free living nematodes and is well-established animal model for biochemical and genetic studies. C. elegans cannot synthesize de novo cholesterol, although cholesterol is essential requirement for its growth and development. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Korean red ginseng total extract (KRGE), ginseng total saponins (GTS) on life span of C. elegans in cholesterol-deprived and -fed medium. Cholesterol deprivation caused damages on life span of worms throughout F1 to F3 generations. KRGE or GTS supplement to cholesterol-deprived medium restored the life span of worms as much as cholesterol alone-fed medium. In study to identify which ginsenosides are responsible for life span restoring effects of KRGE, we found that ginsenoside Rc supplement not only restored life span of worms grown in cholesterol-deprived medium but also prolonged life span of worms grown in cholesterol-fed medium. These results show a possibility that ginsenosides could be utilized by C. elegans as a sterol substitute and further indicate that ginsenoside Rc is the effective component of Korean red ginseng that prolongs the life span of C. elegans.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.17 no.6
• /
• pp.452-457
• /
• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the correlation between root diameter and ginsenoside composition of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer cultivar Yunpoong. Dry matter ratio of main root was a little higher than that of lateral root and fine root, and that was higher by the increase of root diameter in the same root parts. Total ginsenosides composition of main and lateral roots increased by the decrease of root diameter, especially in lateral root. Similar resulted in fine root, but there was no significant difference where root diameter was below 2.5 mm. Except for ginsenoside-$Rg_1$, other ginsenosides component, PDs, PTs and total ginsenosides had highly negative correlation with the root diameter within whole root, main root+lateral root and lateral root+fine root, while $Rg_1$ had positive correlation with the root diameter.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.29 no.6
• /
• pp.1327-1329
• /
• 1997

A new rapid saponin extraction method was developed with using of organic solvent and waring blonder. There was a good correlation between previous distillation method and this method in f major ginsenosides ($Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg1) contents. When the ratio of methanol and chloroform was 7:3, this method showed similar saponin contents (total major. ginsenosides contents) comparing with distillation method. Contents of total major ginsenosides were 2.41% in this method and 2.54% in distillation method. However, crude saponin content of this method was higher than that of distillation method.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.389-392
• /
• 2016

The present study was conducted to investigate the ginsenoside profiles of the main root, root hair, and leaf of ginseng in order to demonstrate their possible application in medicine. The total ginsenoside content of the leaf was up to 12 times than that in the main root, and the content of protopanaxadiol groups was higher than that of protopanaxatriol groups in all the samples. The leaf was shown to contain high amounts of ginsenosides Rb3 and Rh1, whereas the main root contained large amounts of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rc. Moreover, Rb2, Rb3, and Rg1 were only detected in the root hair, leaf, and main root, respectively. The ginsenoside Re content of Panax ginseng leaf and root hair was 2.6~4 times higher than that of the main root. Therefore, the results indicate that the ginsenoside content of Panax ginseng is higher in the leaf and root hair, and lower in the main root.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.162-169
• /
• 1989

Tissue culture of the roots of Panax ginseng was carried out to enhance the production of ginseng callus as well as to increase its contents of ginsenosides. A long cylinder type callus mass was formed when cultured IK callus by rotary shaking culture method, the growth ratio of the callus being 7.71 which was approximately 4 fold higher than those obtained by other culture methods. Ginsenosides $Rg_1$, Re and $Rb_1$ could be detected from the callus mass by TLC, however, their total contents were revealed to be approximately 9% compared to that of the fresh ginseng root equivalent by HPLC analysis,.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
• /
• 2002.10a
• /
• pp.370.2-370.2
• /
• 2002

This study was carried out to obtain basic informations that can be used in index for Korea ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) cultivated in East Asia (Geumsan. Ganghwa. Punggi. Umsong, Jinan, Hongchon. Jilin. Nagano). Ginsenosides composition in various Panax ginseng roots cultivated in different places and years were carried by the Shibata method. The average about total saponins and each ginsenosides content of four year-age Ginseng Radix aquosa cultivated in Korea were higher than those of ginseng cultivated for its longer period. (omitted)

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.155-160
• /
• 1998

This stuffy was carried to establish a new efficient method for the preparation of edible crude ginseng saponin. The conventional butanol extraction and resin adsorption methods were compared for the contents of total crude ginseng saponin and major ginsenosides. Seventy- percent methanol extract was applied to Diaion HP-20 column and the resin was washed with Hn and eluted with absolute methanol. The methanol elute was dried in vivo and analyzed for its ginsenosides. Use of ethanol instead of methanol to make edible crude ginseng saponin gave a similar result. Butanol extraction was performed by the conventional method. The final aqueous layer from butanol extraction was passed through Diaion HP-20 column followed by elution with methanol and Diaion HP-20 passed fraction was extracted with butanol to recover remaining components, respectively, in order to determine saponin loss. TLC and HPLC qualitatively and quantitatively monitored Ginsenosides, respectively. Loss of ginsenosides was higher in butanol extraction method than in Diction HP-20 adsorption method. In addition, saponin fractions prepared by Diction HP-20 adsorption method showed higher content of each ginsenoside, showing 8.2% higher purity than that of butanol extracted fraction. From these results, we propose the resin adsorption method as a new efficient measure for the preparation of crude ginseng saponin, which is edible by using spirit instead of methanol.