• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.430-441
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of natural bioactive products such as Manda enzyme (T1), Yangmyeongwon (T2), effective microorganisms (T3), and Kelpak (T4) on the growth and ginsenoside contents of Panax ginseng cultured in an aeroponic system using a two-layer vertical type of nutrient bath under natural light conditions. The growth of ginseng plants showed specific characteristics according to the positions in which they were cultured due to the difference of light transmittance and temperature in the upper and lower layers during aeroponic culture in a two-layer vertical type of system. The growth of the aerial part of the leaves and stems of ginseng plants cultured in the lower layer (4,000 to 6,000 lx, $23^{\circ}C$ to $26^{\circ}C$) of the nutrient bath was observed to be superior to that of the ginseng plants cultured in the upper layer (12,000 to 15,000 lx, $25^{\circ}C$ to $28^{\circ}C$). The leaf area was significantly larger in the treatment of T2 and T4 (46.70 $cm^2$) than with other treatments. Conversely, the values of the root weight and root diameter were higher in ginseng plants cultured in the upper layer of the nutrient bath. The root weight was significantly heavier in the treatment of T4 (6.46 g) and T3 (6.26 g) than with other treatments. The total ginsenoside content in the leaves and roots was highest in the ginseng plants cultured by the treatment of T1, at 16.20%, while the total ginsenoside content obtained by other treatments decreased in the order of T4, T5 (control), T2, and T3, at 13.21%, 12.30%, 14.84%, and 14.86%, respectively. The total ginsenoside content of the ginseng leaves was found to be significantly higher in the treatment of T1 in the lower layer of the nutrient bath, at 15.30%, while the content of the ginseng roots in the treatments of T3 and T4, at 1.27% and 1.23%, respectively, was significantly higher than in other treatments in the upper layer of the nutrient bath.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.1252-1257
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• 1997

In order to investigate the immunomodulatory mechanism of white ginseng, the effects of total saponin of Ginsenoside Rb$_2$component on the phagocytosis and reactive oxygen intermediate(ROI) production of mouse peritoneal macrophages were studied. Both phagocytosis assay nitrobluetetrazolium reduction test showed 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml concentration of total saponin significantly increased the activity of phagocytosis and production of ROI. Also cytokine gene expression of the macrophages was analyzed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In the RT-PCR assay, 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml concentration of either total saponin or Ginsenoside Rb$_2$increased IL-1 and TNF expression of the macrophages.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.274-283
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• 1998

It has generally been accepted that quality of ginseng should be determined not by the content of a single component but by composition and balance of total active principles. However, there still can be an exception with a product in which a given ginsenoside is used for the treatment of a specific disease. Although ginsenosides have been regarded to be major active components of ginseng and employed as index components for the quality control, it does not consistent with the traditional concept on ginseng quality creterion; main root has been more highly appreciated than the lateral or fine root. Content of ginsenosides in the lateral or fine root is much higher than that in main root. However, the ratio of protopanaxadiol (PD) and protopanaxatriol (PT) saponins existing in various part of ginseng root is greatly different. The ratio of PD/PT saponins in main root is well balanced but the thinner the root is the higher the ratio. Thus far, a total of 34 different kinds of ginsenosides have been isolated from Korean (red) ginseng, and their pharmacological activities were elucidated partly. Interestingly, different ginsenoside shows similar or contrary effects to each other in biological systems, thus indicating the significance of absolute content of single ginsenoside as well as compositional patterns of each ginsenoside. Therefore, pharmacological activities of ginseng should be determined as a wholly concept. In these regards, standardization of ginseng material (fresh ginseng root) should be preceded to the standardization of ginseng products because ginsenoside content and non-saponin active principles such as polysaccharides and nitrogen (N)-containing compound including proteins are significantly different from part to part of the root. In other words, the main root contains less ginsenosides than other lateral or fine roots. Contents of polysaccharides and N-containing compound in main root is higher. However, the quality control of ginseng products focused on non-saponin compounds has limitation in applying to the analytical method, because of the difficult chemical analysis of these compounds. Content of ginsenosides, and ratios of PD/PT and ginsenoside Rb,/Rg, are inversely proportional to the diameter of ginseng root. Therefore, these can be served as the chemical parameters for the indirect method of evaluating from what part of the root does the material originate. Furthermore, contents of polysaccharides and N-containing compounds show inverse relationship to saponin content. Therefore, it seems that index for analytical chemistry of saponin can be applied to the indirect method of evaluating not only saponin but also non-saponin compounds of ginseng. From these viewpoints, it is strongly recommended that quality of ginseng or ginseng products be judged not only by the absolute content of given ginsenoside but also by varieties and compositional balance of ginsenosides, including contents of non-saponin active principles.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.369-376
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• 2013

인삼 근계(근권, 근면, 근내부)로부터 ginsenoside Rb1 전환효소인 ${\beta}$-glucosidase 생산 균주(BGB)를 분리하였다. 인삼 근계부터 분리된 BGB 28균주의 계통학적 특성을 확인한 결과, 근권에서 Stenotrophomonas 속(3균주), Pseudoxanthomonas 속(1균주), Bacillus 속(1균주)로 확인되었다. 근면로부터 분리된 BGB는 Stenotrophomonas 속(16균주), Streptomyces 속(1균주), Microbacterium 속(1균주)이며, 근내부는 Stenotrophomonas 속(3균주), Lysobacter 속(2균주)를 포함하는 다양한 계통군이 확인 되었다. 특히 인삼 근계로부터 분리된 BGB 균주의 90%가 Stenotrophomonas 계통군에 속하는 특징을 나타내었다. 근권으로부터 분리된 4KR4 균주는 108.17 unit의 ${\beta}$-glucosidase 활성을 나타내었으며, ginsenoside Rb1을 Rd, Rg3 그리고 minor ginsenoside Rh2로 전환되었다. 4KR4 균주는 Stenotrophomonas rhizophila e-$p10^T$ (AJ293463)와 99.65%의 높은 상동성을 나타내었다. 본 연구에서 분리된 ginsenoside 전환세균 4KR4 균주의 계통학적 위치와 표현형적 특징, 균체 지방산조성, 생리 생화학적 특성을 검토한 결과, Stenotrophomonas sp. 4KR4 (=KACC 17635) 균주로 확인되었다.

• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2010

국산 재배삼 4년근의 뿌리, 장뇌삼 4년근과 8년근의 잎과 뿌리에 대한 물 및 80% 에탄올 추출물에 대한 구성사포닌 및 항산화 활성을 분석하였다. 재배삼 80% 에탄올 추출물에 대한 조사포닌 함량은 3.85% (d.b) 이었으며, 4년근 장뇌삼 뿌리와 잎의 조사포닌 함량은 각각 6.75 및 8.57% (d.b)이었으며, 8년근 장뇌삼은 각각 6.53 및 7.54% (d.b)이었다. 재배삼의 구성사포닌은 ginsenoside-$Rh_1$의 함량이 6.07 mg/g으로 가장 높았고, 4년근 장뇌삼뿌리는 $-Rb_1$이 11.63 mg/g, 잎은 -Re가 24.35 mg/g으로 가장 높았고 8년근 장뇌삼 뿌리는 $-Rh_1$ 이 19.77 mg/g, 잎은 -Re가 20.43 mg/g으로 가장 높았다. 항산화활성 ($IC_{50}$값)은 삼의 종류 및 연근별로 1.84~21.88 mg/mL의 범위이었고 8년근 장뇌삼 잎 80% 에탄올 추출물에서 가장 높았다. 총 항산화력은 5.56~20.67 mg AA eq/g의 범위를 나타내었으며, 8년근 장뇌삼 잎 증류수 추출물에서 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.372-380
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate the physicochemical properties of jelly made from fermented red ginseng concentrate (FRGC) that can be easily absorbed and digested for the health promotion of the elderly. The pH of the jellies tended to decrease with increasing concentration of FRGC. Soluble solid content has significantly higher value when added more than 2%, and the water content of the sample was significantly lower when the FRGC was added 4%. As the amount of FRGC was increased, the total color difference increased, and the hardness of samples decreased significantly. On the other hand, the total ginsenoside contents of the FRGC was 45.50 mg/g. As the concentration of FRGC increased, the content of polyphenol and flavonoids increased. The increasing pattern of polyphenols and flavonoids showed a similar trend. As the content of FRGC increased, ABTS free radical scavenging activity significantly increased (p<0.05), and in the control, the minimum value (62.6 AEAC) and the 4% sample were highest (116.2 AEAC). DPPH radical scavenging activity was like that of ABTS radical scavenging activity. However, there was no significant difference in DPPH radical scavenging activity of 3% and 4% red ginseng jelly.

• 생약학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.6-14
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• 1996

To differentiate the quality of Korean ginseng from those of other habitats, the quantitative analysis of free amino acids(FAA) and total amino acids(TAA) in addition to ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 was carried out using amino acid analyzer and HPLC, respectively. FAA pattern in Korean ginseng was much different from that of Panax notoginseng. The difference in total content of FAA was also found that Korean ginseng contained 26.3-39.8mg/g while Panax notoginseng contained 6.5mg/g. This FAA content had a tendency to increase with the age of radix. The contents of FAA and TAA in Korean ginseng(6 years old) from Kumsan were shown to be the highest than other ginseng origins tested. The content in the 6 years Panax ginseng from China was about same with that of 4 years Korean ginseng of Kumsan. However, regarding to gisenoside Rbl and Rg1, which have been accepted as the characteristic components of Panax ginseng-Panax notoginseng showed considerably higher content than those of any other ginseng origin.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.48-54
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• 2009

Epileptifrom discharges were induced in the telencephalon of the adult zebrafish via perfusion with pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), bicuculline methiodide, kainic acid-treated artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF), and $Mg^{2+}$-free aCSF. Ginseng total saponin [GTS ($50{\mu}g/ml$)] was shown to attenuate the occurrence rate of epilpetiform discharges by 50-75%, compared to the control. Ginsenoside $Rg_1$ ($130{\mu}M$) reduced the epileptiform discharges in the isolated telencephalon and delayed the occurrence of behavioral seizures observed from the adult zebrafish placed in the PTZ (10 mM)-containing aquarium water. However, Re was not effective in the suppression of epileptiform discharges and behavioral seizures. These results indicate that $Rg_1$ may be useful in the control of epileptiform discharges and effective in controlling behavioral seizures, and that the zebrafish can be used as a model animal for the testing of potential anticonvulsant drugs.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.513-518
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the changes of yield, total phenolics, saponin content and composition, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities of various fractions of fine ginseng root (Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) by maceration method in the order of increasing polarity (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water). Butanol fraction showed the highest total saponin content compare to other fractions. Hexane fraction could harvest significantly high ginsenoside Rg2, Rg1, and Rf (p<0.05). And the contents of ginsenoside Rh1, Rg3, and Rg1 showed relatively higher in the fraction of ethyl acetate than other fractions. The system of hexane-chloroform-ethyl aceate-butanol showed relatively high content of ginsenoside Re, Rd, Rc, Rb3, and Rb1. However, the last fraction of water still remained lots of Rb2 content. The fraction of water was the highest phenolics. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazil, superoxide, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of water fraction was higher than the other fractions. In antimicrobial activity, the fraction of hexane showed relatively high antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli. And the fractions of the chloroform and ethyl acetate showed higher antimicrobial activities than the other samples in against P. aeruginosa and S. typhimurium.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.348-354
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• 2010

Black ginseng and white ginseng were extracted with 80% ethanol and evaluated for relative ginsenoside composition, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities, and antioxidant properties. As analyzed by HPLC, black ginseng contained a greater proportion of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ compared to white ginseng. White ginseng was characterized by undetectable ginsenoside $Rg_3$ but it contained more total ginsenosides than black ginseng. Black ginseng extract exhibited higher (p<0.05) free radical-scavenging activity, as well as higher antioxidant activities than white ginseng against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl, superoxide dismutase, and xanthine oxidase, despite the fact that the total saponin content was higher in white ginseng than black ginseng. In addition, the black ginseng extract displayed greater AChE and BChE inhibitory activities. These results suggest that black ginseng has stronger effects on anti-oxidation and AChE and BChE inhibition than white ginseng.