• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1997년도 하계학술대회 논문집 E
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• pp.1903-1904
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• 1997

This paper was dealt with the experiments of the traverse flow and excited CW $CO_2$ Laser. The discharge and laser output characteristics of CW $CO_2$ laser has been investigated. A stable resonator was adopted for the power extraction from the length of 0.9m discharge region with the gap length of 15mm. The maximum output power of about 100W was obtained at the first experiment with the total filling pressure of 30torr, $CO_2$ : $N_2$ : He = 1:3:16.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.704-716
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• 2018

본 연구는 진위천 단위유역의 수질오염총량제도에 따른 유량 및 수질 특성을 정확히 파악하고 목표 수질을 달성하기 위하여 수질 개선이 우선적으로 필요한 총량 지점을 선정하여 관리 방안을 제시하는 것이다. 진위천 단위유역의 2014년부터 2016년까지 14개 총량 지점을 대상으로 유량 및 수질 특성, 통계 분석, 유달부하량 및 유달부하 밀도 산정, 하천 등급화 등을 평가하였다. 진위천 단위유역의 유량은 평균 $22.411m^3/s$이고 황구지천의 유량이 32.8%를 차지하였으며 지류 하천에 따른 공간적으로 수질특성이 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 주성분 분석 결과 오산천과 황구지천은 유기오염 간접지표 및 계절적 요인, 성은천은 유기오염 간접지표 요인, 관리천은 계절적 요인이 수질에 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 유달부하량 산정 결과 HG-3 지점에서 6,470.4 BOD kg/day, 6,846.7 TN kg/day로 높게 나타났으며 유달부하 밀도는 HG-4 지점에서 $220.9BOD\;kg/day/km^2$, $22.4TP\;kg/day/km^2$로 높게 나타났다. 하천 등급화 방법을 이용한 진위천 단위유역의 수질 개선이 우선으로 필요한 총량 지점은 HG-3 지점으로 나타났다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.871-879
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• 2010

To figure out the removal efficiency of indicator and pathogenic bacteria by unit processes of a sewage treatment plant using activated sludge process, analyses were done for incoming sewage, influent and effluent of primary clarifier, aeration tank, secondary clarifier and final discharge conduit of the plant. A matrix of bacterial items (average of bacterial reduction [log/ml], p value of paired t-test, number of decreased cases of twenty analyses, removal percentage only for decreased cases) between incoming sewage and final effluent of the plant were heterotrophic plate counts (1.54, 0.000, 20, 95.01), total coliforms (1.38, 0.000, 19, 83.94), fecal coliforms (0.90, 0.000, 20, 94.84), fecal streptococci (0.90, 0.000, 20, 98.08), presumptive Salmonella (0.23, 0.561, 7, 99.09), and presumptive Shigella (1.02, 0.002, 15, 92.98). Total coliforms, fecal coliforms, heterotrophic plate counts, and fecal streptococci showed highest decrease through secondary clarifier about 1-log (p<0.001) between 88% and 96%, and primary clarifier represented the significant (p<0.05) decrease. However, final effluent through discharge conduit showed higher total coliforms and fecal streptococci than effluent of secondary clarifier (p<0.05). In addition, final effluent once violated the water quality standard while effluent of secondary clarifier satisfied the standard. Hence some control measures including elimination of deposits in discharge conduit or disinfection of final effluent are necessary.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 1976

This study was undertaken to obtain information about selected characteristics and the degree of physical disability of patients with a diagnosis of cerebrovascular accident upon their discharge from a general hospital. It was hoped that this information would contribute to the assessment of their needs for follow-up nursing care. Nurse's and Physician's Progress Notes of all stroke patients discharged from five general hospitals in Seoul from January to December 1975 were analysed using a prepared check list. Patients with other complicating diagnosis such as diabetes, tuberculosis or heart disease were excluded from the sample. According to six factors used to grade the total sample of 334 stroke victims degree of physical ability at discharge, 144 (43%) of the Survivors had good functional ability, 72 (22%) fair, 62 (18%) poor, and 57(17%) very Poor. Certain clinical diagnosis correlated with the degree of physical ability. Intra cranial Hemorrhage and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage tended to be related to poor and very poor outcome categories. There was no significant correlation between nae and ability outcome, women had revealed a significantly positive correlation with poor and very poor ability outcomes. The hospitalization period was less than three days for 37.5% of the total group, and more than one month for 4.7%. Those patients with less than three days hospitalization accounted for the highest relationship with poor and very poor ability outcomes. Of the total groups 175(50.99%), were discharged with a diagnosis of condition improved (though not necessarily with good physical ability). The results suggest serious need for comprehensive follow- up nursing care for stroke survivors discharged a from general hospitals in Seoul.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.329-345
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• 2020

Purpose: This was a nationwide population-based study conducted to investigate the epidemiology, treatment, disease outcomes, and associated factors of childhood intussusception in South Korea. Methods: Data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database on all patients <18 years old diagnosed with intussusception from 2007 to 2017 were analyzed. Results: A total of 34,688 cases were identified among 30,444 patients. The overall incidence was 28.3/100,000 person-years with a male predominance. Most cases (83.1%) occurred in children <3 years old, with an annual incidence of 195.2, 200.1, and 118.6 cases per 100,000 children in their first, second, and third year of life, respectively. The median age at the first occurrence was 18.7 months, and it was higher in boys than in girls. The post-discharge recurrence rate was 10.6% (3,226/30,444) and the in-hospital recurrence rate was 6.1% (1,842/30,444). The total recurrence rate (post-discharge recurrence and/or in-hospital recurrence) was 15.0% (4,580/30,444). Enema reduction was successful in 90.0% of cases. Enema reduction was more successful in girls than in boys. A total of 3,296 (10.8%) patients underwent 3,481 surgeries, including 735 (21.1%) laparoscopic surgeries. Post-discharge recurrence and surgery were significantly affected by age, sex, and hospital type. Mortality was noted in nine cases (0.03%). Conclusion: Our study provides accurate epidemiologic data on the treatment and outcomes of intussusception through complete enumeration during an 11-year-period.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.167-176
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• 2005

Atmospheric deposition and riverine waters were sampled throughout a year, to estimate the loading fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into the Masan Bay and its vicinity, Korea. Atmospheric deposition fluxes of total PAHs in the surveyed area varied from 62.2 to 464 ${\mu}g/m^2/year$. Concentration of total PAHs in water samples from six rivers ranged from 34.6 to 239 ng/L. Contribution of the carcinogenic PAHs to the total PAHs occupied $38\%$ and $50\%$ for atmospheric deposition and river waters, respectively. Atmospheric deposition fluxes and water concentrations of PAHs were slightly low or moderate to those in locations from some countries. Correspondence analysis was used to investigate the loading characteristics of PAHs according to transport routes. Atmospheric deposition samples were corresponded to higher molecular aromatics of PAHs, while riverine water samples were associated with lower molecular weight of PAHs. The results indicate that the higher-molecular-weight PAHs can be primarily transported by atmosphere deposition and the lower-molecular-weight PAHs can be mainly contaminated by riverine discharge into the Masan Bay and its vicinity. Loadings fluxes of PAHs into the Masan Bay and its vicinity were 39.2 g/day via atmosphere and 10.3 g/day via rivers, showing that atmospheric input was about 4 times higher than riverine one. Therefore, in order to minimize the contamination burden of PAHs from terrestrial sources to the Masan Bay and its vicinity, the control and management of PAHs deriving from atmosphere will be necessary.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.520-530
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• 2021

Multivariate statistical analysis and an environmental hydrological model were applied for investigating the causes of water pollution and providing best management practices for water quality improvement in urban and agricultural watersheds. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) for water quality time series data show that chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), suspended solids (SS) and total phosphorus (T-P) are classified as non-point source pollutants that are highly correlated with river discharge. Total nitrogen (T-N), which has no correlation with river discharge and inverse relationship with water temperature, behaves like a point source with slow and consistent release. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) shows intermediate characteristics between point and non-point source pollutants. The results of the PCA and CA for the spatial water quality data indicate that the cluster 1 of the watersheds was characterized as upstream watersheds with good water quality and high proportion of forest. The cluster 3 shows however indicates the most polluted watersheds with substantial discharge of BOD and nutrients from urban sewage, agricultural and industrial activities. The cluster 2 shows intermediate characteristics between the clusters 1 and 3. The results of hydrological simulation program-Fortran (HSPF) model simulation indicated that the seasonal patterns of BOD, T-N and T-P are affected substantially by agricultural and livestock farming activities, untreated wastewater, and environmental flow. The spatial analysis on the model results indicates that the highly-populated watersheds are the prior contributors to the water quality degradation of the river.

• 가정∙방문간호학회지
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• 제6권
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• pp.5-18
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• 1999

This study was attempt to encourage for developing on rehabilitation delivery system and programs as a substitute service instead of hospitalization for accident patients at work, such as hospital based home health care nursing service. It needs vary substitutes service of hospitalization to curtail the length of stay for inpatients who were hospitalized with workers compensation insurance. It focused on developing an estimation of early discharge day of accident inpatients based on a detail statement of treatment for 115 inpatients who were hospitalized at General Hospital in 1997. This study has four specific purpose as follows. First, to find out the status of health service utilization. Second, to estimate the early discharge days and income increasing effect based on the early discharge for those patients. Third, to identify the factors to affect total medical expenditure and the length of stay for those inpatients. Forth, to figure out the need of utilizing home health care nursing service for accident patients. In order to analyze of the length of stay and medical expenditure for inpatients who were hospitalized due to the accident, the authors conducted with micro-analysis and macroanalysis from medical records and medical expenditure records. Micro-analysis was done by nominal group discussion of 4 expertise with the critical criteria. such as a decrease in the amount of treatment after surgery, treatments, tests, drugs and changes in the tests consistency, drug methods, vital signs, start of ROM exercise, doctor's order, patient's outside visiting ability, stable conditions. In addition to identify affected variables for medical expenditure. the length of stay and income effect due to early discharge day, the data was analyzed with multiple regression analysis and linear regression analysis model by SPSS-PC for windows and Excell program. Results of this study as follows. First, the mean length of stay was 37.1 days, whereas the mean length of stay due to early discharge was 28.2 days at the hospital. The estimation of early discharge days were shown that depends on the length of stay. The longer length of stay, the longer length of early discharge days, such as under 7 days length of stay patients was to estimated the mean length of stay was 4.9 days and early discharge days was 4.6. whereas the mean length of stay was 122.6 days and early discharge days was 92.0 respectively. The mean medical expenditure per day were found to be 133.409 Won. whereas the mean medical expenditure per day was shown negative linear trends according to the length of stay at the hospital. The estimation results of the income effect due to 11 early discharge days per bed was around 2,150,000 won. However, it means not the real benefits from early discharge, but the income increasing amount without considering medical prime cost in general hospital. Therefore, it needs further analysis on the cost containments and benefits under the considering as well turn over rates per bed as the medical prime costs. The length of stay was most significant and the sign was positive to the total medical expenditure, as expected. Surgery and patient's residential area also an important variable in explaining medical expenditure. The level of complications was most significant variable in explaining the length of stay. The level of the needs on horne health care nursing service which can be used for early discharge accident patients were shown very high. The needs distribution varied from 65.5% of patients and 88.9% of caregivers, to 96.4% of doctors, and 99.1% of nurses. In addition horne health nurse responded that they can be managed the accident inpatients from early discharge. From these research findings. the following suggestions has been drawn it needs to develop strategies on rehabilitation delivery system in order to focused on consumer's side which is planned for 21 century health policy in Korea. Vary intermediate facilities and horne health care would have been developed in the community based for comprehensive rehabilitation services as a substitutes of hospitalization for shortening the length of stay of hospitalizations. In hospital based horne health care nursing service, it's available immediately to utilize for the patients who wanted rehabilitation services as a substitutes of hospitalization under the cooperations with workers compensation insurance company.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.375-383
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• 2016

Total Pollution Load Control (TPLC) calculates and manages the allowable pollutant load that is discharged from the watershed, which can meet the water quality target. Delivery Ratio (DR) is generally used for predicting the variation of pollutant mass balance between the pollutants discharged from the watershed and a certain point in the stream, and it is very important for estimation of accurate allowable pollutant load. The concept of DR in TPLC is different from prevalent DR, because DR in TPLC includes both the discharge of pollutants from the watershed and the delivery mechanism. Therefore, DR in TPLC should be estimated by using a proper and unified methodology. The appropriate method and equation for estimation of DR in TPLC was developed through the review of various methodologies, and the applicability of the equation was evaluated in a study area (Geumho A). Determination coefficients (R²) of regression were shown to be relatively high (BOD 0.71~0.87, T-N 0.86~0.90, T-P 0.62~0.69). Applicability of the developed methodology and equations was evaluated as appropriate for TPLC, and it is suggested.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.135-139
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• 2015

플라즈마 디스플레이 패널의 각 부화면 시간동안 기입 방전의 지연시간을 각각 조사하였고 오방전이 발생하지 않는 범위내에서 추가 주사전압의 높이를 다르게 인가하여 모든 부화면 시간동안 기입방전 지연시간을 단축시키기 위한 수정된 구동방법을 제시한다. AC PDP에서 첫번째 초기화 기간 동안 주사전극에 높은 상승 경사파 전압을 인가하여 약한 플라즈마 방전이 발생하고 셀 내부에서 프라이밍 입자와 벽전하 생성을 유도한다. 생성된 벽전하는 셀 내부 벽전압이 되므로 기입기간 중 기입전압과 더해져서 기입 방전을 일으킨다. 그러나 셀 내부의 벽전하는 시간이 지나면서 점차 소멸되므로 1 TV 프레임 시간 동안 각 부화면 시간동안 기입방전은 늦게 발생한다. 첫 번째 부화면 시간에는 초기화 기간 동안 상승 경사파를 갖는 높은 전압에 의해 벽전하가 많이 남아 있으므로 첫 번째 기입 방전은 다른 부화면 시간보다 빠르게 형성된다. 한편, 두 번째부터 마지막 부화면 시간까지의 기입 방전 생성시간은 셀 내의 벽전하 소멸에 의하여 점차적으로 늦어진다. 본 연구에서는 각 부화면 시간동안 기입방전의 시간지연을 조사하였고, 부화면 시간의 기입기간 마다 추가 주사전압을 다르게 인가하여 전체 기입방전지연시간을 단축시켰다.