• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.922-934
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• 2000

To investigate the composition of carotenoids present in marine organisms and the biological activity of the carotenoids, carotenoids of the muscles and tunic of tunicates and shellfishes were isolated and identified. Anitmutagenic activities of the carotenoids for S. typhimurium TA 98 and cytotoxic activity for cancer cell lines were determined. Total carotenoid contents in the muscle of tunicata ranged from 18.65 mg% to 2.39 mg%. The highest amount of the total carotenoid was found in the muscle of Halocynthia aurantium, followed by Styela clava (HERDMAN), H. roretzi, H. hilgendorfi f. igaboya, H. hilgendorfi f. retteri, S. plicata (LESUEUR) in order. Interestingly, total carotenoid content in the muscle of S. clava (HERDAMAN) was higher than that of H. roretzi. Total carotenoid content of all tunicata, other than H. aurantium and H. roretzi, were higher in muscle than tunic. The major carotenoids in H. roretzi, H. aurantium, S. plicata (LESUEUR), and S. clava (HERDAMAN) were cynthiaxanthin (25.1∼42.2%), halocynthiaxanthin (9.7∼26.3%), diatoxanthin (8.0∼18.7%) and β-carotene (7.7%∼21.7%). Similarly, cantaxanthin (19.6%), cynthiaxanthin (15.4%), halocynthiaxanthin (14.8%), and (3R, 3'R), (3S, 3'S)-astaxanthin (22.6%) in H. hilgendorfi f. retteri and fucoxanthin (26.6%), cynthiaxanthin (21.8%), halocynthiaxanthin (15.2%), and β-carotene (9.3%) in H. hilgendorfi f. igaboya were major carotenoids in both tunicate. However, the composition of carotenoids in muscle and tunic of tunicata was similar each other. Among the shellfishes examined, total carotenoid content of the muscle of Peronidia venulosa (Schrenck) and Corbicula fluminea, and of the gonad of Atrina pinnata and Chlamys farreri, was ranged from 2.51 to 6.83 mg% which were relatively higher than that of other shellfishes. The composition of the carotenoids of shellfishes, which might depend upon their living environments, was varied. But cynthiaxanthin (15.9∼39.0%) and zeaxanthin (9.6∼21.9%) in gonad of C. farreri, and muscles of Buccinum Volutharpa perryi (JAY) and Crassostrea gigas, cynthiaxanthin (21.5∼48.6%) and mytiloxanthin (14.6%) in muscle of C.fluminea and gonad of A. pinnata, and canthaxanthin (60.6%) and isozeaxanthin (20.5%) in muscles of P. venulosa (Schrenck), and β-carotene (23.7%∼37.8%) and zeaxanthin (18.2∼20.4) in muscles of Semisulcospira libertina and Meretrix lusoria were major carotenoids. Interestingly, diester type-carotenoids were present along with free type-carotenoids in muscles of C. gigas. antimutagenic effect of the carotenoids isolated from tunicata and shellfishes against 2-amino-3-methylimidazol [4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) for S. typhimurium TA 98 was proportional to the amount (20, 50 and 100㎍/plate) treated. Mutagenicity of IQ was significantly reduced by astaxanthin, isozeaxanthin, mytiloxanthin and halocynthiaxanthin, whereas the mutagenicity of aflatoxin B₁(AFB₁) was significantly reduced by β-carotene, isozeaxanthin, and mytiloxnthin. Growth inhibition effect of carotenoids isolated from tunicata and shellfishes for cancer cell was proportional to the amount (5, 10, and 20㎍/plate) treated. The growth of HeLa cell by β-carotene, cynthiaxanthin, astaxanthin and halocynthiaxanthin, NCI-H87 cell by β-carotene, astaxanthin, cynthiaxanthin, and halocynthiaxanthin, HT-29 cell by β-carotene, cynthiaxanthin, mytiloxanthin and halocynthiaxanthin, and MG-63 cells by β-carotene, cynthiaxanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin and halocynthiaxanthin were statistically reduced.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.492-500
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• 1999

The aim of this study was to assess the association between total vitamin A, retinol and carotene intakes and serum concentration of total carotenoids in Korean male smokers and nonsmokers. Food frequency and nutrient intakes of 64 healthy college students were estimated by the 24 hour recall method and food frequency questionnaire and analyzed by smoking status. Serum total cartenoids and lipid profiles were measured in 28 smokers and 36 nonsmokers. The mean total vitamin A, retinol and carotene intakes of smokers were not significantly different from nonsmokers. However, carotene intakes of the smokers who have smoked more than 5 packyears were significantly lower than those of nonsmokers. Smokers consumed green yellow leafy vegetables more often(P=0.005) and fresh fruits less often(P=0.017) than nonsmokers. The serum total carotenoids of smokers consuming the same amount of retinol and carotene as nonsmokers, 1.79 g/ml, were 17% lower than nonsmokers, 2.15 g/ml(P<0.05). The lipid profiles including total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol and triglycerides of smokers were not significantly different from nonsmokers, however, the concentration of HDL cholesterol of smokers were significantly higher than that of nonsmokers. The serum carotenoids concentration was positively associated with fruit consumption frequency in smokers, and also was positively associated with green yellow leafy vegetable consumption frequency in non smokers. There were no correlations between dietary and serum carotenoids for smokers as well as nonsmokers. It was concluded that smoking could be inversely related to the serum concentration of carotenoids at constant carotene intakes and smokers might require more carotene to reach the same concentration comparable to nonsmokers.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권8호
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• pp.1034-1043
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• 2014

This study determined the effect of light intensity and photoperiod on the dry cell weight and total amount of carotenoids in four isolates of purple non-sulfur bacteria obtained from shaded and exposed microhabitats of a mangrove ecosystem in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. The initial isolation of the bacteria was carried out using synthetic 112 medium under anaerobic conditions (2.5 klx) at $30{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. On the basis of colony appearance, cell morphology, gram staining, motility test, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing analyses, all four bacteria were identified as Afifella marina. One of the bacterial isolates, designated as Af. marina strain ME, which was extracted from an exposed mud habitat within the mangrove ecosystem, showed the highest yield in dry cell weight ($4.32{\pm}0.03g/l$) as well as total carotenoids ($0.783{\pm}0.002mg/g$ dry cell weight). These values were significantly higher than those for dry cell weight ($3.77{\pm}0.02g/l$) and total carotenoid content ($0.706{\pm}0.008mg/g$) produced by the isolates from shaded habitats. Further analysis of the effect of 10 levels of light intensity on the growth characteristics of Af. marina strain ME showed that the optimum production of dry cell weight and total carotenoids was achieved at different light intensities and incubation periods. The bacterium produced the highest dry cell weight of 4.98 g/l at 3 klx in 72 h incubation, but the carotenoid production of 0.783 mg/g was achieved at 2.5 klx in 48 h incubation. Subsequent analysis of the effect of photoperiod on the production of dry cell weight and total carotenoids at optimum light intensities (3 and 2.5 klx, respectively) revealed that 18 and 24 h were the optimum photoperiods for the production of dry cell weight and total carotenoids, respectively. The unique growth characteristics of the Af. marina strain ME can be exploited for biotechnology applications.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.563-568
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• 1997

갓김치의 발효과정 중 chlorophylls, chlorophyll de-rivatives 및 carotenoids의 함량 변화와 갓김치에서 얻어진 이의 조획분의 항산화성을 살펴보았다. 갓김치 발효기간에 따른 chlorophylls 및 carotenoids의 함량은 발효 7일 동안 chlorophylls가 pheophytins로 급격히 전환되었으며 chlorophylls와 함께 chlorophyllides는 높은 농도는 아니지 만 15일 까지는 존재하다가 그 이후 모두 pheophytins와 pheophorbides로 변했다. 갓김치 발효기간 동안 total chlorophylls에는 큰 변화없이 거의 일정하게 유지 되었으나 carotenoids는 발효 말기인 25일째에 초기 함량의 43.7%로 감소되었다. 갓김치에서 얻어진 chlorophylls와 carotenoids 조분획이 지방질의 자동산화에 미치는 영향을 조사하였을 때 $\alpha$-tocophe-rol 보다 높은 항산화성을 나타내었으며 발효기간에 따른 갓김치의 항산화성을 비교하였을 때 유의적으로 차 이는 없었다. 갓김치의 chlorophylls와 carotenoids 분획이 지방산의 산화에 대한 저해작용을 나타내는 동안 chlorophylls와 caratenoids의 감소율을 비교했을 때 총 chlorophylls가 총 caratenoids 보다 안정성이 높았다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.1099-1106
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• 1999

Effects of dietary carotenoids were investigated on metabolism of the carotenoids, and body pigmen tation in oily bittering, Acheilognathus koreensis. Two weeks later after depletion,oily bitterings were fed the diets supplemented with either lutein, cynthiaxanthin and astaxathin for 4 weeks. Carotenoids distributed to and metabolized in integument were analyed. The carotenoid isolated from the integument of wild oily bittering, composed of 47.2% zeaxanthin, 11.4% lutein epoxide, 11.0% diatoxanthin, 9.7% lutein and 8.3% zeaxanthin epoxide. Meanwhile, two weeks later after depletion, the carotenoid composed of 29.9% crytoxanthin, 19.3% zeaxanthin, 13.2% lutein epoxide, 12.0% diatoxanthin and 8.8% zeaxanthin epoxide. These indicated that zeaxanthin, diatoxanthin, lutein epoxide and zeaxanthin epoxide were actively metabolized in oily bittering, compared to that of other fresh water fish. Total carotenoid content in the integument of wild oily bittering and oily bittering depleted for two weeks was found to be 1.72mg% and 2.08mg%, respectively. Two weeks later after treatment of experimental diet, total carotenoids content was increased to 2.23mg% in lutein, 2.36mg% in cynthiaxanthin and 2.49mg% in astaxanthin supplemented group, which were relatively higher than 2.10mg% in control group. Meanwhile, 4 weeks later, total ca rotenoids content was decreased to 1.76mg% in control, 1.95mg% in lutein, 1.74mg% in cynthiaxanthin and 1.72mg% in astaxanthin supplemented groups. These result indicate that dietary carotenoids were rapidly accumulated and then metabolized to certain metabolites shortly after feeding. Body pigmentation effects of the carotenoids due to accumulation of carotenoids in the integument of oily bittering was the most effectively shown in the astaxanthin supplemented group, followed by cynthiaxanthin and lutein supplemented groups. In the integument of oily bittering, dietary carotenoids were presumably biotrans formed via either oxidative or reductive pathways as presumed the variation of total carotenoid content and carotenoid composition in all experimental groups. The lutein was oxidized either to astaxanthin via doradexanthin and doradexanthin, or to zeaxanthin epoxide via zeaxanthin by oxidative pathway. Cynthiaxanthin was converted either to diatoxanthin and zeaxanthin by reductive pathway and then to zeaxanthin epoxide by oxidative pathway, or it was converted to astaxanthin via diatoxanthin, zeaxan thin and doradexanthin by oxidative pathway. Astaxanthin was converted to doradexanthin and zeaxanthin by reductive pathway and then to zeaxanthin epoxide by oxidative pathway. These results suggest that, oxidative pathway of carotenoids was major metabolic pathway along with reductive path way in fresh water fish.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.813-820
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• 1998

This study was performed as a part of comparative biochemical studies of carotenoid pigment for the fresh water fish. Carotenoids in integument of Korean dark sleeper, Odontobutis platycephala, and dark sleeper, Odontobutis odontobutis interrupta, which are all the Korean native fresh water fish, were separated by thin layer chromatography, column chromatography and HPLC. The separated carotenoid were then reduced and isomerized by NaBH4 and I2 respectively to investigate UV-Vis spectrophotometeric patterns and chracterized by IR, 1H-NMR and Mass spectrum. The content of total carotenoids in the integument of Korean dark sleeper was 3.01mg% in April, but it was increased to 3.74mg% in September at the near of spawning period. The carotenoid isolated in April consisted of $\beta$-carotene(25.6%), lutein(18.5%) and zeaxanthin(12.0%) as major carotenoids and also contained isocryptoxanthin, diatoxanthin, tunaxanthin, cynthiaxanthin, canthaxanthin and $\alpha$-cryptoxanthin as minor carotenoids. Similarly, in September the carotenoid consisted of $\beta$-carotene(16.5%), zeaxanthin(13.7%) and cynthiaxanthin(13.6%) as major carotenoids and also contained lutein, isocryptoxanthin, tunaxanthin, $\alpha$-cryptoxanthin, diatoxanthin and canthaxanthin as minor carotenoids. At the near of spawning period, the content of cynthiaxanthin and $\alpha$-cryptoxanthin were increased. The content of total carotenoids in the integument of spawning period. T도 carotenoid isolated in April and September consisted of $\beta$-carotene(24.9%, 27.5%), zeaxanthin(14.4%, 20.9%) and lutein(12.6%, 11.4%) as major carotenoids and also contained cynthiaxanthin, tunaxanthin, diatoxanthin, isocryptoxanthin, $\alpha$-cryp-toxanthin and canthaxanthin as minor carotenoids. At the near of spawning period, the content of zeaxanthin was increased, indicating that the carotenoid composition were dependent upon their living conditions and their integument colors. Both Korean dark sleeper and dark sleeper contained high amount of cynthiaxanthin and diatoxanthin which are found as rare carotenoids in the other of fresh water fish. It is interes that they also contained tunaxanthin which is a specific carotenoid in marine fishes.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.105-114
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 UV-VIS spectrophotometer를 이용한 total carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolics 함량 데이터와 FT-IR 스펙트럼 데이터를 다변량통계분석법을 통하여 기능성 성분 함량이 높은 아프리칸 얌 고속 선발 시스템을 구축하였다. 62개 아프리칸 얌의 total carotenoids 함량은 $0.01-0.91{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$ dry wt 나타냈다. Total flavonoids와 phenolics 함량은 $12.9-229.0{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$ dry wt와 $0.29-5.2mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ dry wt로 각각 나타났다. 아프리칸 얌은 FT-IR 스펙트럼상의 1700-1500, 1500-1300, $1,100-950cm^{-1}$, 부위에서 중요한 스펙트럼 변화가 나타났다. 이 부위는 각각 amide I과 II을 포함하는 아미노산 및 단백질계열의 화합물, phosphodiester group을 포함한 핵산 및 인지질 그리고 단당류나 복합 다당류를 포함하는 carbohydrates 계열의 화합물들의 질적, 양적 정보를 반영하는 부위이다. PCA 분석과 PLS-DA 분석에서 62개 아프리칸 얌은 유연성이 높은 종으로 3개의 그룹을 형성하였다. 아프리칸 얌의 FT-IR 스펙트럼 데이터와 UV-VIS spectrophotometer을 이용한 total carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolics 함량 데이터 간에 PLS regression 분석하였다. Total carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolics 함량 성분의 실측 값과 예측 값간에 상관계수($R^2$)가 각각 0.83, 0.86, 0.72로 나타났다. 이 결과, 아프리칸 얌으로부터 FT-IR 스펙트럼을 이용한 total carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolics 함량 예측이 가능하였다. 본 연구에서 확립된 대사체 수준에서 아프리칸 얌의 유용 기능성 성분 함량 예측 모델링을 통해 품종, 계통의 신속한 선발 수단으로 활용이 가능할 것으로 예상된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.1104-1109
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• 2003

초임계 이산화탄소를 이용하여 감귤박으로부터 ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin을 포함한 carotenoids의 추출수율을 극대화하기 위하여, 주요 요인 변수인 추출 압력, 추출시간, 보조용매의 농도 등 추출 조건을 반응표면분석법에 의해 최적화하였다. Total carotenoids와 ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin의 추출수율에 대한 반응표면 회귀방정식의 $R^2$는 각각 0.9789과 0.9796이었고, 1% 이내의 수준에서 유의성이 인정되었다. 추출조건에 따라 예측된 정상점은 안장점이었으며 능선분석을 실시한 결과 total carotenoids과 ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin의 최대 추출수율은 각각 61.1%와 95.8%로 예측되었으며, 이 때의 추출 압력, 추출시간, ethanol의 농도는 각각 33.4MPa/39.6min/18.6%와 37.3 MPa/41.0 min/17.0%이었다. Total carotenoids의 추출수율은 추출 압력의 증가에 따라 증가하였지만 압력이 높을수록 일정한 값에 도달하는 경향을 보인 반면, 추출시간과 보조용매의 농도 증가에 따라 연속적으로 증가하였다. ${\beta}-Cryptoxanthin$의 추출수율은 추출 압력, 추출시간, 보조용매의 농도 증가에 따라 연속적으로 증가하였다. 감귤박으로부터 carotenoids의 추출에는 추출시간과 보조용매의 농도 사이의 상호작용이 중요한 역할을 하였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.1220-1225
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• 1999

Differences in carotenoid composition in the integument of Korean bittering, Cheilognathus signifer and bride bittering, Rhodeus ukekii which are Korean native fresh water fish were compared. Total ca rotenoid contents in the integument of wild Korean bittering was 2.11mg% and composed of 42.6% zeaxanthin, 12.1% diatoxanthin and 12.1% lutein epoxide which are predominant carotenoids and 10.3% cynthiaxanthin, 8.3% zeaxanthin epoxide, 6.4% lutein and 1.5% cryptoxanthin which are minor carotenoids. Total ca rotenoid contents in the integument of wild bride bittering was 4.99mg% during a spawning period but after the spawning period it was decreased to 4.17mg% and carotenoid composition of bride bittering during the spawning period was 46.7% zeaxanthin, 26.5% diatoxanthin and 12.3% lutein which are predominant carotenoids, and 6.2% zeaxanthin epoxide, 3.1% cynthiaxanthin, 2.9% cryptoxanthin and 0.7% canthax anthin which are minor carotenoids. These results indicated that the carotenoid composition of bride bittering during spawning period was very similar to that of Korean bittering and carotenoid composition of bride bittering after the spawning period was 30.5% diatoxanthin, 21.5% cynthiaxanthin and 16.8% zeaxanthin which are predominant carotenoids and 14.0% cryptoxanthin, 11.3% lutein and 3.4% can thaxanthin which are minor carotenoids, indicating that after the spawning period, the content of zeaxanthin was decreased while that of cryptoxanthin and cynthiaxanthin was increased as compared to that of the spawning period. Total carotenoid contents in Korean bittering and bride bittering was relatively higher than that in other species of cyprinidae whereas composition of the carotenoid was similar.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.286-291
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 적효모 X. dendrorhous KCTC 7704로부터 여러 ${\beta}$-ionone 내성 변이균주를 선별하였다. 야생균 KCTC 7704는 ${\beta}$-ionone 0.021 mM 농도에서 생육이 현저히 저하되었지만, NTG처리 후 ${\beta}$-ionone 0.1 mM 농도에서 선별된 변이균주는 ${\beta}$-ionone 0.15 mM에서도 70% 이상의 상대 생육율을 나타내는 매우 강한 ${\beta}$-ionone 내성을 갖고 있었다. 여러 ${\beta}$-ionone 농도에서 선별한 변이균주들을 $20^{\circ}C$에서 4일간 회분식 발효로 배양하여 그 특성을 조사하였다. 선별된 가장 우수한 변이균주는 야생균주보다 카로티노이드 생성능이 2.3배 향상(즉 $1.2{\mu}g$ of total carotenoids per mg of dry cells)되었으며 유기산과 같은 대사산물은 거의 생성하지 않았다. 여러 탄소원 들에 대한 비교 발효특성 연구 결과 과당이나 자당을 사용했을 때봐 비교하여 포도당 배지에서 최종 균체농도 및 총 카로티노이드 생성량이 많았다. 포도당이 제한되는 연속발효(dilution rate $0.04h^{-1}$) 실험을 통하여 pH의 영향을 조사한 결과 균체농도 및 총 카로티노이드 생성은 pH 4.0 조건하에서 최적인 것을 알 수 있었다.