• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.91-96
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• 1997

Male rats of Albino strain were divided into four groups. The radioprotective effect of treatment with S-2(3-aminopropylamino)ethylphosphorothioic acid(WR-2721) using the dose of 200 mg/kg by intraperitonial injection on rats for 20 min prior to whole body x-ray irradiation (8 Gy) was studied. The harzardous effects of x-ray irradiation were greatly corrected In the treated group. The concentrations of total serum cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, and phospholipid were greatly affected, showing insignificant changes in the treated group of animals. The drastic hyperglycemic effect of x-ray irradiation in the untreated group decreased to a normal level. These results show the potentiality of WR-2721 as a radioprotective agent.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.11-15
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• 1963

A total of 220 adult male mice (18-20g) of the S.M. strain were divided into ten experimental and control groups. The total-body X-ray irradiation doses used were 50 r, 100r, 200r, 400r, 600r, 800r, 1,000r, 1,200r, 1,400r, and1,600r. The respiratory arrest (mortality) caused by each irradiation doses were observed for 30 days. Relationships between irradiation doses and survival time and percentage of response were examined. From this experiment, a formula was obtained to express the relationship among three factors, which may be presented as follows : {{{{{{{{P= { 10} over { SQRT { 2 pi } } INT _{ - INF }^{ p'} e-{(p'-50)^2 } over {200 }dp···(a) p'=100 LEFT { t^0.3- LEFT ( { { 16.9965} over {D-60 } } RIGHT ) ^{ { 1} over {2.5 } } } / LEFT { LEFT ( { 26372.43} over {D-81.86 } RIGHT ) ^{ { 1} over {2.5 } } -( { { 16.9965} over {D-60 } } RIGHT ) ^{ { 1} over {2.5 } } ···(b) p= { (D-60) t^0.75-16.9965} over {0.2186 t^0.75 +263.55434 }····(c) }} {{{{P= { 10} over { SQRT { 2 pi } } INT _{ - INF }^{ p'} e-{(p'-50)^2 } over {200 }dp···(a) p'=100 LEFT { t^0.3- LEFT ( { { 16.9965} over {D-60 } } RIGHT ) ^{ { 1} over {2.5 } } } / LEFT { LEFT ( { 26372.43} over {D-81.86 } RIGHT ) ^{ { 1} over {2.5 } } -( { { 16.9965} over {D-60 } } RIGHT ) ^{ { 1} over {2.5 } } ···(b) p= { (D-60) t^0.75-16.9965} over {0.2186 t^0.75 +263.55434 }····(c)

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2013

Purpose: In Asan Medical Center, Two parallel opposite beams are employed for total body irradiation. Patients are required to be in supine position where two arms are attached to mid axillary line. Normally, physical compensators are required to compensate the large dose difference for different parts of body due to the different thicknesses compared to the umbilicus separation. There was the maximum dose difference up to 30% in lung and chest wall compared to the prescription dose. In order to resolve the dose discrepancy occurring on different body regions, the feasibility of using Fieid-in-Field Technique is investigated in this study. Materials and Methods: CT scan was performed to The RANDO Phantom with fabricated two arms and sent to Eclipse treatment planning system (version 10.0, Varian, USA). Conventional plan with physical lead compensator and new plan using Field-in-Field Technique were established on TPS. AAA (Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm) dose calculation algorithm was employed for two parallel opposite beams attenuation. Results: The dose difference between two methods was compared with the prescription dose. The dose distribution of chest and anterior chest wall uncovered by patient arms was 114~124% for physical lead compensator while Field-in-Field Technique gave 106~107% of the dose distribution. In-vivo dosimetry result using TLD showed that the dose distribution to the same region was 110~117% for conventional physical compensator and 104~107% for Field-in-Field Technique. Conclusion: In this study, the feasibility of using FIF technique has been investigated with fabricated arms attached Rando phantom. The dose difference was up to 17% due to the attached arms. It is shown that the dose homogeneity is within ${\pm}10%$ with the CT based 3-dimensional 4 step FIF technique. The in-vivo dosimetry result using TLD was showed that 95~107% dose distribution compared to prescription dose. It is considered that CT based 3-dimensional Field-in-Field Technique for the total body irradiation gives much homogeneous dose distribution for different body parts than the conventional physical compensator method and might be useful to evaluate the dose on each part of patient body.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.114-119
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• 2002

A immobilizing device that is essential for correct lung and lens shielding with homogenous dose distribution in fractionated total body irradiation was developed and it's efficiency was evaluated. The main frame was made of stainless steel bar (5 cm in diameter) to withstand up to 230 cm in height and 100 kg in weight to prevent any injury even in unconsciousness condition. The saddle was designed to adjust the body weight and hight of standing patients. Chest and back supporter were made of 1 cm acryl which could fix the lung block and cassette holder. Leather and sponge pedding were used for head rest to keep patients comfortable. The device was strongly fixed by specially designed bolts on the bottom panel which was made of 1 cm stainless steel and 10 cm thick wooden board. Precise manipulation ($\pm$2 mm) was possible by upper two pulleys and side handles. Average four minutes twenty five seconds were needed for exact setting in fractionated TBI. No significant difference of lung block location on repeated verification films was confirmed and relatively homogeneous dose distribution was measured in rando phantom experiments and patient treatments ($\pm$5%). This immobilizing device was very efficient to keep correct position of patients, which is essential for better result and less complication in fractionated TBI.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.269-284
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ILIB(Intravenous Laser Irradiation of blood) on Meridian-Heart Circulation CMP and Hyperlipidemia. Circulatory symptom of 20 patients was treated with ILIB. After 10 times' treatment, changes of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride and Meridian-Heart Circulation CMP value were observed. The results were as follows : 1. In observation of Meridian-Heart Circulation CMP value, significant increase was observed in both pre-ID generation and post-ID generation. So, distinctive observation between pre-ID generation and post-ID generation became not relatively significant. 2. In observation of Meridian-Heart Circulation CMP value, significant increase was observed in both left and right. So, distinctive observation between left and right became not relatively significant. 3. In observation of Meridian-Heart CMP value, significant increase was not observed in control group, but significant increase close to normal value was observed in treatment group after treatment of Intravenous He-Ne Laser Irradiation. 4. In observation of Meridian-Circulation CMP value, significant increase was not observed in control group, but significant increase close to normal value was observed in treatment group after treatment of Intravenous He-Ne Laser Irradiation. 5. In concentration of plasma total cholesterol and plasma triglyceride, significant decrease was not observed in control group, but significant increase was observed in treatment group after treatment of Intravenous He-Ne laser Irradiation. 6. Significant concentration change of plasma HDL-cholesterol was not observed in both control group and treatment group. From above results, it was thought that Intravenous He-Ne Laser Irradiation was significant effect on heart circulatory system in human body.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.233-241
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• 1994

Purpose : This study was performed to verify dose distribution with the tissue compensator which is used for uniform dose distribution in total body irradiation(TBI). Materials and methods : The compensators were made of lead(0.8mm thickness) and aluminum(1mm or 5mm thickness) plates. The humanoid phantom of adult size was made of paraffin as a real treatment position for bilateral total body technique. The humanoid phantom was set at 360cm of source-axis distance(SAD) and irradiated with geographical field size(FS) $144{\times}144cm^2(40{\times}40cm^2$ at SAD 100cm) which covered the entire phantom. Irradiation was done with 10MV X-ray(CLINAC 1800, Varian Co., USA) of linear accelerator set at Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Chonnam University Hospital. The midline absorbed dose was checked at the various regions such as head, mouth, mid-neck, sternal notch, mid-mediastinum, xiphoid, umbilicus, pelvis, knee and ankle with or without compensator, respectively. We used exposure/exposure rate meter(model 192, Capintec Inc., USA) with ionization chamber(PR 05) for dosimetry, For the dosimetry of thorax region TLD rods of $1x1x6mm^3$ in volume(LiF, Harshaw Co., Netherland) was used at the commercially available humanoid phantom. Results : The absorbed dose of each point without tissue compensator revealed significant difference(from $-11.8\%\;to\;21.1\%$) compared with the umbilicus dose which is a dose prescription point in TBI. The absorbed dose without compensator at sternal notch including shoulder was $11.8\%$ less than the dose of umbilicus. With lead compensator the absorbed doses ranged from $+1.3\%\;to\;-5.3\%$ except mid-neck which revealed over-compensation($-7.9\%$). In case of aluminum compensator the absorbed doses were measured with less difference(from $-2.6{\%}\;to\;5.3\%$) compared with umbilicus dose. Conclusion : Both of lead and aluminum compensators applied to the skull or lower leg revealed a good compensation effect. It was recognized that boost irradiation or choosing reference point of dose prescription at sternal notch according to the lateral thickness of patient in TBI should be considered.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.6-12
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• 1964

The present paper deals with the changes in serum protein fraction, total serum protein, hematocrit, red blood cell, haemoglobin, and weight of liver or kidney : body weight ratio of irradiated and non-irradiated snake head, Ophicephalus argus(CANTOR) . Irrardiation doses are 2537$\AA$-7 minutes (7M) and 2537$\AA$-15 minutes (15M). Serum electrophoretic patterns showed a marked decrease in albumin fraction at 1, 3, 9, 12 and 15 days on 7M group and 15 M group. On both experimental groups percentage increases in $\alpha$1 and $\beta$ fractions occurred at different time periods in general but are interpreted as only apparent changes accompanying the greater albumin fall. ${\gamma}$-Globulin decreased at 1, 6 and 15 days on 7M group. and at 1, 3, 6 and 9 days on 15M group. Also, A/G ratio was significantly low in groups subjected to above conditions as compared to the controls. A/G ratio decreased at 3 and 15 days remarkably on both groups. On the average, the reductions in the A/G ratio were not proportional to themagnitude of ultraviolet-light. Total protein of serum changed according to suggestive changes in electrophoretic patterns of serum . Total protein of serum declined at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 day periods on 7M groups and at 1, 3, 9, 12 and 15 day-periods on 15 M group, and increased approaching control values at 15 and 18 day-periods on both groups. Hematocrit increased remarkably at 1, 3, 6 and 12 days and decreased at 9 and 15 days on 7M group, and increased throughout the sampling period on 15M . Red blood cell decreased throughout the sampling period and increased slightly at 6 days on 7 M group and decreased at 1, 6, 9, 15 and 18 days and increased remarkably at 3 and 12 days on 15M group. Hemoglobin decreased remarkably at 1 day-period and increased at other days on both groups. The liver weight was not remarkably changed after whole body irradiation on both groups. and kidney was increased from 1st day on 7M group and 3 rd day on 15M group respectively. It appears that changes in electropphoretic patterns of serum, A/G ratio, total protein of serum, hematocrit, red blood cell, hemoglobin, and liver or kidney weight act to the detriment of the animal following non-ionizing irradiation.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.321-328
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• 1999

Purpose : Total body irradiation (TBI) or whole body irradiation is used to acquire immune suppression, to treat malignant lymphoma and leukemia, and as an conditioning regimen for bone marrow transplantation. For these purposes, many methods were developed to obtain homogenous dose distribution. The objective of this study was to analyze and confirm the accuracy and the homogeneity of the treatment setup, the parallel opposed lateral technique, currently used in Seoul National University Hospital. Materials and Metheods : Surface dose data, measured with a thermoluminescent dosimeter, of 8 patients among 10 patients, who were given total body irradiation with the parallel opposed lateral technique between September 1996 to August 1998, at Seoul National University Hospital were analyzed. Surface doses were measured at the head, neck, axilla, thigh, and ankle level. Surface and midline doses were measured with similar set-up and technique in the Humanoid phantom. Results : Measured surface doses relative to prescribed dose for the head, neck, axilla, thight, and ankle leve were $91.3{\pm}7.8,{\;}98.3{\pm}7.5,{\;}95.1{\pm}6.3,{\;}98.3{\pm}5.5$, and $95.3{\pm} 6.3\%$, respectively. The midline doses of the head, neck, axilla, thigh, and ankle level estimated from the surface-to-midline ratios in the Humanoid Phantom were $103.4{\pm}9.0,{\;}107.8{\pm}10.5,{\;}91.1{\pm}6.1,{\pm} 93.8{\pm}4.5,{\;}and{\;}104.5{\pm}9.3\%$, respectively. Measured surface doses and estimated midline doses ranged from $-8.9\%$ to $+7.8\%$. Midline doses at the neck and the axilia level deviated more than $5\%$ from the prescribed doses. The difference of the estimated midline doses at the neck and the axilla level and the actual doses were attributed to the thickness differences between the Humanoid phantom and the patients. Conclusion Distribution of the midline doses as well as the suface doses were measured to be within $-8.7\~{\pm}7.8\%$ range. Actual dose distribution in the patient is expected to be better than the measured dose range mainly attributed to thickness difference between the patient and the Humanoid phantom.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.153-159
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• 1975

In order to investigate the effect of cobalt-60 gamma irradiation on the blood picture, the mice were subjected to single whole-body gamma irradiation externally. In this experiment 42 of 12 weeks old white mice were used and animals were allotted to group of three. On of chose groups served as control and the others as test groups that were exposed to single dose of 370 Rads (group I) and 500 Rads (group II). The exposure dose rate were averaged 33 Rads per Minute. The results obtained in this experiment were as follows: 1. Erythrocyte counts in both test groups dropped to the lowest level at 4 weeks postirradiation, returning towards the control level, but in recovery, group I showed rather prumpt compared with group II. Erythrocyte count in group II was significantly lower than that of group I. 2. Total leukocyte counts dropped to the lowest loved at 2 weeks postirradiation and group I recovered to normal level at 4 weeks postirradiation. Recovery group II was very slow and it reached to the control level on 12 weeks postirradiation. Leukocyte count was significantly different between group I and II. 3. Neutrophil count was increased to the highest level at 2 weeks postirradiation, with recovery to normal value after 8 weeks in group I and 12 weeks in group II, respectively. Neutrophil count was significantly different between group I and II. 4. Lymphocyte count dropped to the lowest level at 2 weeks postirradiation, with recovery to normal average after 8 weeks in group I and 12 weeks in group II, respectively. Lymphocyte count was significantly different between group I and II. 5. The other leukocyte count was increased after the irradiation and recovered at 12 weeks postirradiation in both test groups. The other leukocyte count was significantly different between group I and II.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.175-186
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• 1997

Purpose : To evaluate the qualitative immunologic changes by ionizing radiation. we studied the altered capacities of the macrophages and lymphocytes to produce cytokines in conjunction with resistance to Listeria monocytegenes (LM) infection in mice Materials and Methods : BALB/c mice and Listeria monocytogenes were used. The mice were infected intraperitoneally with $10^5LM$ at 1 day after irradiation (300cGy) and sacrificed at 1, 3, 5 days after infection, and then the numbers of viable LM per spleen in the irradiated and control group were counted. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha ($TNF-\alpha$), interferon-gamma ($IFN-\gamma$). interleukin-2 (IL-2), and nitric oxide (NO) were assessed after irradiation. Results : Under gamma-ray irradiation with a dose range of 100-850cGy, the number of total splenocytes decreased markedly in a dose-dependent manner, while peritoneal macrophages did so slightly Cultured peritoneal macrophages produced more $TNF-\alpha$ in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) during the 24 hours after in vitro irradiation, but their capacity of $TNF-\alpha$ Production showed a decreased tendency at 5 days after in vivo total body irradiation. With 100cGy and 300cGy irradiation, cultured peritoneal macrophages produced more NO in the presence of LPS during the 24 hours after in vitro irradiation than without irradiation. Activated splenocytes from irradiated mice (300cGy) exhibited a decreased capacity to Produce IL-2 and $IFN-\gamma$ with Concavalin-A stimulation at 3 days after irradiation. When BALB/c mice were irradiated to the total body with a dose of 300cGy, they showed enhanced resistance during early innate phase, but a significant inhibition of resistance to LM was found in the late innate and acquired T-cell dependent phases. Conclusion : These results su99es1 that increased early innate and decreased late innate and acquired immunity to LM infection by ionizing radiation (300cGy) may be related to the biphasic altered capacity of the macrophages to produce $TNF-\alpha$ and the decreased capacities of the lymphocytes to produce IL-2 and $IFN-\gamma$ in addition to a marked decrease in the total number of cells.